EU ocean policies increasingly incorporate regional measures. Under the long standing Common Fisheries Policy, such measures aim at improving and reforming existing policy, either by taking into account region specific social or ecologic requirements or by establishing procedures and institutions to achieve a regional fit. By contrast, the EU’s emerging integrated Marine Environmental Policy was designed to draw heavily on regional procedural and institutional mechanisms from the outset. The developing regional measures raise the question whether they contribute to improving institutional structures governing the use and conservation of EU waters. This article analyzes the existing and future regional measures of the two policies and their varying purposes and scopes. It develops a typology for categorizing the regional aspects and examines the effects of regional measures on EU institutions and the theoretical EU integration debate.

This study investigated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in surface sediments within aquaculture areas in Peninsular Malaysia using chemometric techniques, forensics and univariate methods. The samples were analysed using soxhlet extraction, silica gel column clean-up and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 20 to 1841ng/g with a mean of 363ng/gdw. The application of chemometric techniques enabled clustering and discrimination of the aquaculture sediments into four groups according to the contamination levels. A combination of chemometric and molecular indices was used to identify the sources of PAHs, which could be attributed to vehicle emissions, oil combustion and biomass combustion. Source apportionment using absolute principle component scores–multiple linear regression showed that the main sources of PAHs are vehicle emissions 54%, oil 37% and biomass combustion 9%. Land-based pollution from vehicle emissions is the predominant contributor of PAHs in the aquaculture sediments of Peninsular Malaysia.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) composition data from the Speciation Trends Network (STN) site in San Jose, CA, were analyzed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PMF version 5.0. These data were 24–h average mass concentrations and compositions obtained from samples taken every third day from October 2002 to February 2012. The eight identified sources include secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, fresh sea salt, aged sea salt, diesel emission, road salt, gasoline vehicles, and wood combustion. The contributions to PM2.5 of these eight sources were 13.1%, 20.0%, 5.5%, 7.8%, 9.4%, 5.1%, 14.8, and 24.3%, respectively. The Ni–related industrial source, which was detected in previous PMF analysis, was not identified in our study and a sharp decrease in Ni concentrations was observed after the end of 2004. The contribution of road dust source decreased significantly after 2004 (Mann–Whitney test, p<0.01), which is probably the result of the city wide enhanced street sweeping programs starting in 2005. A 40% reduction in the wood combustion PM2.5 contribution between winter 2008 and winter 2009 was found. This decrease could be attributed to the San Francisco Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) wood burning rule implemented in July 2008. In the future, the effectiveness and benefits of the wood burning rule could be evaluated using the multi–wavelength aethalometer delta–c method.

Based on an understanding of energy, empirical formulas of hourly PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) under all sky conditions in North China were introduced and applied. An interesting and important phenomenon of the absorption of “water vapor factor” in 400–700 nm was studied and its real mechanism can be explained by the energy consumption of the substances (gas, liquid, solid–phase) through OH radicals during chemical and photochemical reactions. The PAR at the top of the atmosphere was estimated with good agreement. PAR losses in the atmosphere associated with “photochemical factor” and other materials in North China are spatial and seasonal dependence; their “annual” averages were 15.33 and 309.30 W m–2 in North China, respectively. The energy loss related to the “photochemical factor” should be considered in all kinds of basic processes in the atmosphere and model studies, including radiation transmission, photochemistry, air motion, and climate.

Particulate matter (PM) in Masterton, New Zealand, a rural community with a population of 20 000, was studied during the winter to gain an understanding of the carbonaceous species and their influence on PM concentrations. The average PM10 concentration during the winter was 21.0±14.8 µg m–3, of which 64% was PM2.5. PM2.5 concentrations were found to be the main cause of elevated PM10 concentrations, and were responsible for exceedances of the New Zealand National Environmental Standard for PM10. Carbonaceous species were 47 and 77% of the total PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. Organic carbon (OC) concentrations were always higher than elemental carbon (EC) concentrations. OC and EC concentrations showed excellent correlation with PM2.5 concentrations, suggesting that combustion processes were the dominant source of PM. Stable isotope analysis yielded δ13C values ranging from –24.9 to –27.6‰, which is indicative of wood combustion. Analysis of particle–phase PAHs by thermal desorption GC/MS yielded an average total PAH concentration of 38.9±25.9ng m–3, accounting for 0.3% of the PM2.5. Analysis of all of the results revealed that residential wood burning for domestic heating was the main source of PM pollution in Masterton. The results of this study suggest that a PM10 standard alone, particularly in areas where wood combustion is common, may not be providing an adequate level of protection for the exposed population.

Referring to Europe as a whole and to single European countries, previous studies have shown that heavy metal concentrations in mosses (1) are primarily determined by atmospheric deposition of heavy metals; (2) are country and element–specific; and (3) agree well with respect to element–specific spatial patterns and temporal trends of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals. This paper investigates correlations between the concentrations of cadmium, lead and mercury in atmospheric deposition and mosses within the units of an ecological land classification of Europe. To this end, measurements from the 2005/2006 European moss survey and modeled atmospheric deposition in the previous three years were intersected with a map on ecologically defined land classes of Europe. Then, the minimum numbers of sampling sites required within the ecological land classes were computed. Considering spatial auto–correlations, subsequently the correlations between the concentrations of heavy metals in mosses and corresponding deposition were calculated and mapped for each of those ecological land classes containing moss sampling sites. It was concluded that the numbers of sampling sites within Europe and most participating countries as well as within most of the ecological land classes are sufficient for estimating the mean of measurements for the above mentioned three spatial levels within 20% of its true value with 95% confidence. Spatial patterns of correlations between the atmospheric deposition and bioaccumulation were shown to vary by element and ecologically defined land classes.

We determined total mercury (Hg) distribution in muscle and liver of ten ray species and assessed health risk considering Hg levels in muscle and average consumption of rays in Mexico. Rays were collected from five sites in NW Mexico between March and November 2012. Hg concentrations ranged from 4.465μgg−1 in muscle of the longtail stingray Dasyatis longa to 0.036μgg−1 in liver of the diamond stingray Dasyatis dipterura. Considering all the individuals, Hg in muscle (1.612±1.322μgg−1) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in liver (0.745±0.616μgg−1). Regarding local health risk assessment, none of the ray species may cause adverse effects on consumers.

In Brazil, where reefs occur in markedly turbid environments, the relationship between sedimentation/organic matter and corals is poorly known. Thus, the ex situ effects of sediment with and without organic matter over the ΔF/Fm and physical state of Mussismilia braziliensis were analyzed. The ΔF/Fm and coral physical state, evaluated through the susceptibility index to sedimentation (SI), were measured in seven colonies exposed to sedimentation (0–450mgcm−2day−1) free of organic matter after 45days of exposure, and in 12 colonies exposed to sedimentation (0–500mgcm−2day−1) with organic matter content (10%), in which case ΔF/Fm was measured after 72h and SI after 120h. In both cases there were effects of increasing sedimentation on the SI with no effect on ΔF/Fm. Despite the tolerance to high sedimentation rates shown by this coral, we noted that the presence of organic matter might reduce its tolerance to sedimentation stress.

Caribbean reefs have experienced unprecedented changes in the past 40years. A major hypothesis to explain shifts in reef community composition relates to declining herbivory. This hypothesis was developed largely based on observations of Jamaican reefs from the 1980s onward, but it is widely held to be relevant regionally. We use a region-wide dataset on benthic composition to examine how well the pattern of ecological change on Jamaican reefs is mirrored by other Caribbean reefs. The extent to which macroalgal cover exceeds coral cover on Jamaican reefs is an order of magnitude more extreme than seen elsewhere. We suggest that Jamaican reefs are not representative of the degradation trajectory of Caribbean reefs and management based on the Jamaican experience may not be relevant elsewhere. However, the recovery of Jamaican reefs following the return of urchins gives us hope that Caribbean reefs are more resilient to catastrophic disturbances than previously thought.