Rabies is present in the entire territory of Latvia and as a zoonosis poses risk to both human and animal health. The disease is also endemic in countries bordering with Latvia, namely Lithuania, Estonia, Russia and Belarus. Reservoirs for the rabies virus (RABV), the causative agent of the disease in Latvia, are the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). The first large-scale oral rabies vaccination campaigns using aircrafts were carried out in spring and autumn 2005 using Fuchsoral® SAD B19 oral vaccine baits. In total, 1,894 wild animals (1,366 foxes and 528 raccoon dogs) were hunted in vaccinated areas to evaluate the efficacy of the campaign. After spring and autumn vaccination campaigns, 51.6% of the fox and raccoon dogs were positive for tetracycline. Herd immunity was found in 50.5% of foxes and raccoon dogs using FAVN test and only in 14.8% using ELISA test. After oral vaccination campaigns, rabies incidence decreased in vaccinated area, however, an increase of the incidence was observed in unvaccinated area. Despite the slight increase in rabies incidence in Latvia in 2006 compared to 2005, in 2005 only 141 rabies cases (30%) were found in the vaccinated area whereas 330 cases were detected in the unvaccinated area.