International audience | Au Sénégal, l'apparition des petites unités laitières semble être un facteur important dans le développement d'un système local amélioré de production laitière. Pour aborder cette réflexion, un aperçu a été conduit en 2002 à Kolda, au sud du Sénégal. L'approche "filière" a été choisie pour évaluer les transferts physiques, les niveaux des prix, la gestion de la qualité et l'organisation économique du secteur. Les résultats prouvent que les quantités de lait récoltées par les petites unités de traitement se sont accrues de 21 250 litres en 1996 à 113 600 litres en 2001. Avec la concurrence du lait en poudre importé, le futur développement du système dépendra certainement de l'amélioration des niveaux de productivité mais également de la satisfaction des besoins du consommateur en termes de qualité et de prix. Plus d'attention devrait être prêtée à la qualité spécifique des produits locaux.

Field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University (54º52′ N, 23º49′ E) in Lithuania. Winter wheat was grown on the background of N150P90K90 mineral fertilization and was additionally foliar-fertilized with different concentrations of amino acid solutions (0.5-3.0%) at stem elongation and heading stages. The study was aimed to establish protein content as well as quantitative and qualitative distribution of amino acids in winter wheat grain as influenced by fertilization with different concentrations of amino acids. Experimental evidence showed that solutions with different concentrations of amino acids applied at winter wheat stem elongation and heading stages increased grain protein content and total amino acids contents. Plants, fertilized with amino acids solutions at stem elongation stage accumulated higher protein content by on average 4.8%, at heading stage by 4.5% compared with the grain protein content of plants that had not received amino acids fertilization. The total amino acids content in winter wheat grain in response to amino acids applied at stem elongation stage increased by on average 2.0 g kg-1, at heading stage by 5.3 g kg-1. Nonessential and essential amino acids content in winter wheat grain was significantly increased by 2.5 and 3.0% amino acids solutions, applied at stem elongation stage by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% amino acids solutions applied at heading stage. Winter wheat fertilization with amino acids solutions at stem elongation stage mostly increased the content of glutamic acid, at heading stage mostly increased the contents of glutamic, aspartic, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine and lysine acids.

The main goal of rural development is to raise the economic, social and cultural levels of all individuals living in rural areas. Rural development, which is considered to be an important tool in the fight against poverty, increases the quality of life of rural population and improves the work and living conditions of the regions where these people live. With rural development, it is aimed to increase both agricultural and non-agricultural incomes. Undoubtedly, agriculture is the most important source of income for people living in rural areas. However, in recent years, those living in rural areas also generate significant incomes from non-agricultural activities. Rural tourism activities are an important source of income for people living in rural areas. Thanks to rural tourism, entrepreneurs are making investments in rural areas. Thus, income growth is experienced in rural areas and employment is increasing. Rural tourism also makes important contributions to the sustainability of the local culture. On the other hand, rural tourism is an alternative field of activity where farmers can make better use of their free time. Through rural tourism, rural-urban migration can be prevented. This is important for the sustainability of rural areas. The current study primarily discusses the concepts of rural development and rural tourism. The interaction between agriculture and tourism is examined and the benefits of rural tourism are uncovered. The results of the study have shown that rural tourism activities have positive effects on rural development.

Awareness of the requirements of sustainable development has become increasingly important in terms of responsible consumption, respect for the environment and promotion of local economies. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of sustainable involvement and buying intentionof tourists on their socially responsible behavior. An empirical study was conducted with a sample of 113 tourists in Morocco. Validation of hypotheses through bi-varied analysis shows that sustainable involvement and intention have a positive impact on socially responsible behavior. In addition, the age, gender and marital status variables have a significant moderating effect on causality links between groups.

In recent years, it is a global trend of avoiding the use of synthetic ingredients for the food products quality enhancement. In this case it is actual task to search for the alternative natural raw materials, which provide the stabilization the products quality during storage. Due to their chemical composition, physiological and functional-technological properties the usage of herbs is a perspective solution of this problem. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of natural ingredients based on herbs (powder and extracts) on the rancidity retardation. The antioxidant effect of herb raw-materials (hop, chamomile, nettle) was studied for the low-moisture bakery products with high fat content. These products are the ideal type of “food on the go” with long term of storage, which characterized with increasing popularity among modern consumers. The study was conducted at the Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies labs. The peroxide value of samples was determined by iodometric method (ISO 3960:2017). The results revealed that addition of natural antioxidants to the bakery goods in comparison to products without additives reduced this indicator up to the 37…52 %  for the samples with herbs. It has been determined that hop, chamomile and nettle incorporation have pronounced antiseptic properties also. The use of herbs in the low-moisture bakery products technology leads to the quality stabilization during their shelf life, improvement of nutritional value and it may be more attractive to consumers due to their natural origin.

The implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC within Eastern European is now becoming of utmost significance. This is especially relevant to the territory of Ukrainian Polessie, which is characterized by specific geological and geomorphological conditions, excessive humidification and significant anthropogenic pressure on all components of ecosystems. In this section, we present a methodology for evaluating the content of specific toxicological substances based on a diversitological approach to the macrophyte composition of reservoirs. At the same time, the possibility to apply diversisologic indicators for the bio-indication of the content of heavy metals in coastal soils and bottom deposits was assessed. The most striking changes in the species composition are manifested at the points of the most significant anthropogenic pressure in the presence of toxic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. Significant variations in view indices were noted when the high concentration of heavy metals was reached in the bottom soil. The most significant influence on the species composition is due to high concentrations of the active forms of zinc and cuprum cations in both coastal soils and bottom deposits, although the excessive maximum limits allowed were only in the second group of substances. The close correlation between the content of all investigated groups of heavy metals in bottom deposits and species numbers, the index of dominance, Shannon Diversity Index, and Pielou’s Evenness Index were established. For Margalef Species Richness Index, close dependencies were established for active forms of cations of nickel, cobalt, zinc and cadmium, for other groups the bonds were weak. For Sørensen–Dice Index weaknesses were found with the contents of active forms of cations of nickel and chromium; for other groups of active forms of heavy metals, except cobalt cations, close ties were established as well.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyes cerevisiae, Geotrichum fermentans, Rhodotorula rubra and Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast cell suspensions and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall’s polysaccharides and fermentation time on mycotoxins concentrations in feed wheat. The 2018 harvest three feed wheat samples were taken from grain processing companies and the research was carried out at the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Mycotoxicology Laboratory. The thin – layer chromatography technique (TLC) was used to determine mycotoxins concentrations in the samples. The wheat samples were inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Geotrichum fermentans Rhodotorula rubra and Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast 104 cells` ml-1 suspensions and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall`s polysaccharides, duration of the wheat fermentation with the yeast was – 30 min. and 60 min. It was found that all species the yeast suspensions – reducing effect of mycotoxins concentrations correlated with longer duration of fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast suspension after 60 min. reduced AFB1 and DON by 100% (p<0.05) and ZEA up to 80.1 ± 0.50% (p<0.05). Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell wall`s polysaccharides decreased the concentrations of AFB1 (p>0.05), ZEA (p<0.05), DON (p<0.05) during the experiment better than Saccharomyces cerevisiae 104 cells` ml-1 suspension and after 60 min. exposure polysaccharides absorbed all wheat mycotoxins by 100% (p<0.05). The AFB1 were best absorbed by Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast after 60 min. of fermentation by 100% (p<0.05). The DON concentration was below the detection limit after 60 min. of fermentation with Geotrichum fermentans and Rhodotorula rubra yeast.

The paper presents the comparative analysis of the Palanga city landscape change during the period between 2008 and 2019. For this analysis, the land fund statistics of the Republic of Lithuania, which had been grouped into a relatively natural and anthropogenic landscape, were used. Landscape change is graphically shown in the figures. Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature and legal acts were analyzed for the fulfillment of the work. The Palanga city landscape analysis of the current situation was done. During the analysis the Palanga city statistics were compared with the data of Klaipeda County and the Republic of Lithuania. Landscape structure maintenance is the subject important and relevant to this day, as the landscape shapes the country's culture and is the component of natural and cultural heritage contributing to the quality of life and it consolidates Lithuanian identity, uniqueness in Europe and the world. The topic is actual because it is necessary to analyze landscape change in Palanga in order to evaluate and preserve the components of natural landscape in Lithuanian resort. The analysis showed that during the analyzed period the Palanga city natural landscape area 46.34 ha or 1.39 percent. The increase of the natural landscape area was determined by the development of water bodies and wetland areas.

Fertilization is a way of improving tree growth and thus profitability of forestry, however this practice may cause negative side effects, such as loss of biodiversity. Ground vegetation represents a major part of plant biodiversity in forest and it is sensitive to environmental changes. The aim of the study was to characterize a short-term impact of ammonium nitrate and wood ash application on floristic composition and species diversity in conifer and deciduous forests on drained mineral and peat soils. The study was conducted in 6 stands representing Myrtillosa, Myrtillosa turf.mel., Vacciniosa mel. and Vacciniosa turf. mel. forest types. The projective cover of each species was estimated visually, separately for moss, herb and shrub layer. Shannon diversity index was calculated and compared between the plots, where fertilizers were added, and control plots. Results show that species composition corresponds to the respective forest types regardless of the application of fertilizers. In Myrtillosa mel. stands, Myrtillosa turf. mel. birch stand and Vacciniosa mel. stand nitrophilous species were more frequently observed and had a slightly larger projective cover in treatment plots, which could be explained by the impact of fertilization. Species diversity in the moss layer might have lowered as a result of fertilization, whereas no consistent patterns were observed for the herb layer. A repeated survey will show, if changes in ground vegetation persist longer.

Agrarian landscape structure in Lithuania is relatively stable and changes only due to intensive economic activities such as construction of buildings, land reclamation, and afforestation. The changes due to the aforementioned activities are most evident in the development areas of the major cities, which are characterized by the increasing process of chaotic urbanization. The suburban municipalities, bordering the three major cities of Lithuania (Kaunas, Vilnius, Klaipėda), were chosen for the research. To determine areas that were influenced by the urban development among the analyzed cities, the multicriteria analysis method was chosen, which helped to assess the intensity of the suburban area development. The determined areas, which were influenced by the urban development, were divided into three categories, in which the villages of 583 agrarian territories are included. The greatest influence of the urban development on the agrarian landscape is evident in the territories that are closest to the major cities (in the areas of category I) and in which the structure of the components of the agrarian landscape changes mostly by reducing the agricultural land. To ensure a balanced influence of urban development on the agrarian landscape, the average built-up area in the development area of the major cities should not be higher than 20%–30% and the agricultural land area should not be lower than 30%–45%. To preserve the fertile land, the built-up areas should be designed in the agricultural lands with lower productivity.