Computer models of bioprocesses have become an essential tool in biotechnology. This paper describes various bioprocess scaleup releated problems. The problems at different scales are explained. In this paper the use of computer model in E.coli fermentation scale-up from shake flask to laboratory scale bioreactor is discussed. A black box modelling approach was used. Fermentation results have been visualized and discussed. The computer model created in Matlab environment was used for bioprocess behaviour prediction. Possible bioprocess scale-up software improvements and bioprocess optimization are discussed.

Intrusion Detection Systems is defined as a component that analyses system and user operations in computer and network system to protect it from possible intrusions. Current intrusion detection technologies have several shortcomings. Applying mobile agents to intrusion detection design is step forward on better intrusion detection. Mobile-agent based distributed intrusion detection systems are very promising for the following reasons: reduction of data movement, load-balance, flexibility, fault-tolerance, detection of distributed attacks. Hybrid intrusion detection is defined by both the method used to detect attacks and the placement of the system on the network. Intrusion detection system may perform either misuse detection or anomaly detection and may be deployed as network-based or host-based system. This paper proposes to distribute classical intrusion detection model with mobile agents making an agent-based hybrid intrusion detection system. The proposed model can help detect simple intrusions in early stage and also distributed intrusions by monitoring several subjects installed on network. Main benefit from mobile agents in such system is ability to generate separate services for specific tasks and analyze unknown user patterns with several methods of artificial intelligence.

The electricity consuming end-user profile has changed in latest years, due to development of new electrical devices with increased functionality and complexity. Also increasing number of electricity consuming equipment that is available to end-user, makes very hard to identify real electricity consumption of each device. The existing wall plug digital power meters are too expensive for long-term power metering of each consuming device. The article describes a different approach of power metering system that lowers the costs and price of needed metering equipment. A new concept of low-cost energy monitoring system with wireless communication is developed.

A cross-sectional survey was done in two Districts in Western Kenya to determine the socio-economic characteristics and perceptions of the cattle types kept. This involved socio-economic profiles of households, herd structure, reasons for keeping specific types of cattle and production and marketing constraints together with desired policy interventions to address the constraints. A total of 210 farmers randomly selected were interviewed. The data was analysed using Statistical Analysis System program. The majority of farmers (84%) were males. The households surveyed had an average family size of 8 (± 4.7) members. The mean land holding was 7.8 acres, with 98% of them owning the land. Most of the farmers (64%) in the two districts were literate and were involved in farming (95%) as the primary livelihood. The majority (80%) of the households preferred keeping indigenous zebu cattle over the exotic cattle. The first three reasons for keeping zebu cattle were, in that order, work, especially ploughing (91%), milk (74%) and as a repository for wealth (32%), which accounted for about 62% of the respondents. Diseases (86%), inadequate and low quality feed (12%) and high cost of drugs (2%) were the major constraints to livestock productivity. The farmers also identified lack of market (48%), poor infrastructure (39%) and misuse by the middlemen traders (12%) as main marketing constraints. The survey showed that there is need for the effective implementation of policies on adequate financial aid and regulation of farm input prices to the farmers as well as improved livestock extension services to enhance the production of ruminant livestock.

The yield and quality (1000 kernel weight, protein, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content) of peas was studied in cultivar 'Madonna'. The peas (Pisum Sativum L.) were part of the five-year crop rotation experiment where red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), peas, potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), were following each other. There were two production variants which followed the crop rotation. In one variant mineral fertilizers and pesticides were used, and the other variant was conversion to organic without any synthetic agrochemicals. In mineral fertilizing variants the background in all variants was N20, P25, and K95 kg haE-1. The previous crop was winter wheat which received in fertilized variants mineral fertilizers with the background of P25 and K95 kg haE-1, the N amount varied from 0 to 150 kg haE-1. The aim of this paper was to study a mineral fertilizing after-effect on the peas which followed the winter wheat. Herbicide MCPA 750 was used. In conversion to organic, the pea grains which followed the crop rotation and mineral fertilizing Nl50 after-effect variants had higher yield, protein and nitrogen content compared to the other variants where mineral fertilizing after-effect was investigated. Phosphorus contents were higher in NO, and conversion to organic variants. Potassium content remained lower in Nl00, and Nl50 mineral fertilizing after-effect variants. The 1000 kernel weight was significantly higher in the variant of conversion to organic compared to the other variants.

Renewable energy resources play an important role in energy production both in Latvia and in the world. Bio-ethanol is used as a substitute for oil products in various countries of the world. It is produced from the plants containing starch: cereals, potatoes, beet, maize. The task of the research was to evaluate the suitability of different varieties of winter wheat, triticale and rye for extraction of bio-ethanol in Latvia. The research was carried out at the State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute in 2009, and the following varieties and lines of cereals were examined: winter wheat varieties 'Mulan', 'Skalmeje', and the line '99-115', developed at the State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute; winter triticale varieties 'SW Valentino', 'Dinaro', and the line '0002-26', developed at the State Priekuli Plant Breeding Institute; winter rye varieties 'Matador', 'Placido' Fp and 'Dankowskie Nowe'. The content of crude protein and starch of grains, the grain yield, and the bio-ethanol yield were determined. The highest bio-ethanol yield was acquired from the winter wheat and triticale varieties that had the highest starch content and the lowest crude protein content of grains. The best results were obtained from winter wheat line '99-115' and variety 'Mulan' (409.4 and 406.8 L tE-1), triticale variety 'Dinaro' (423.3 L tE-1), and winter rye variety 'Matador' (370.1 L tE-1.).

Oil-flax has a wide range of utilization possibilities, inclusive of bioenergy production. In our research evaluated out two oil-flax varieties 'Scorpion' and 'Flanders' after the calorific value, oil, lignin, and ash content; and also the chemical composition in 2008 -2010. The results show that oil-flax shoves have a high calorific value and high lignin content but a low temperature for ash fusion. It was established that the growth year and some unexplored factors have influence on the ash content. The oil content in the seeds was 336-458 g kgE-1, depending on the chosen variety. The flax shoves can be used as a supplement for biofuel combustion, as they have a low fusion temperature, a high calorific value, but a comparatively low yield makes oil-flax unprofitable to grow for biofuel production.

The treatment of ketosis with glycerol was first introduced in the 1950s. Currently, the availability of glycerol as a feed supplement for dairy cattle has increased due to the rapid expansion of the biodiesel industry. It has been suggested that glycerol can be used as a dietary glucose precursor for dairy cows in a similar way to propylene glycol. This study examined the effect of orally administrated crude glycerol on milk production and composition, and energy-status related blood metabolites of primiparous (n=4) and multiparous (n=4) Holstein dairy cows in the first three weeks of lactation. The treatment group cows were given an oral drench of 500 mL of crude glycerol once a day before the morning feeding. Long-term oral drenching of crude glycerol had no effect on dry matter intake (DMI), but there was a positive effect on milk yield. Most milk composition values were not affected by the treatment, but treatment groups had lower milk protein levels. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were declined with glycerol administration.

This study investigates different environmental effects on birth weight, weaning weight, and pre-weaning daily gain using different statistical models in the Latvian sheep population. The coefficients of determination (R2) were used to estimate the extent of different non-genetic factors influencing birth weight, weaning weight, and pre-weaning daily gain. Data were collected of 4460 lambs born in 36 herds during 2008 to 2010. The birth weight (on average 4.1 ± 0.01 kg), weaning weight (on average 21.0 ± 0.07 kg) and pre-weaning daily gain (on average 242.1 ± 0.93 g) was significantly affected by type of birth and sex, lambing age of dam (covariate) and herd, year, season of birth (p is less than 0.01). Coefficients of determination were estimated from 0.14 to 0.42 for birth weight, from 0.13 to 0.49 for weaning weight, and from 0.10 to 0.46 for pre-weaning daily gain. The results show that when the fixed effects of HYS (interaction between the herd, year, and season of birth) were included it improved the quality of the statistical model most of all, because higher determination coefficients were obtained for all traits: 0.42 for birth weight, 0.49 for weaning weight, and 0.46 for pre-weaning daily gain.

β-Carotene (BC) and a-tocopherol in milk fat have positive implications in human nutrition, besides the specifically protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidation. To determine the possible effect on some milk components, nutritional value and lipid stability of including carrots in the diet of lactating cows, ten cows were selected in a dairy farm and divided into 2 groups (control and experimental) by 5 cows in each. In experimental group's diet additionally 7 kg carrots per cow per day were included. Individual cow milk samples were obtained 1 day before feed enrichment, in days 7, 24, 35, 42 (during the feed enrichment), and 1 week after feed enrichment. Analyses of milk fat, protein content, somatic cell count (SCC), retinol, BC, vitamin C, tocopherols, immunoglobulins (Ig), lysozyme, fatty acids (FA) were made, and milk yield was measured. Supplying cow diet with carrots showed a tendency to improve milk quality by promoting the faster decrease of SCC, and significantly (p is less than 0.05) increasing Ig and lysozyme content, thus potentially improving milk nutritional value. The vitamin content rose significantly (p is less than 0.05) by retinol and tocopherol contents, but b-carotene content increase in milk was not observed. Also milk fatty acid (FA) stability changes during 5 day storage in temperature of 4 - 6 deg C were not observed.