Today, with the rapid growth of urban population and as a result, rapid and unbridled urbanization of human societies have been caused some issues. In Gorgan, an increase in level of urban settlements is done regardless to the capabilities and limitations of land and ecological potential of urban development. In this study, it is performed to evaluate and conform to urban development, regard to ecological capability to protect the environmental ability of Grogan. In this case, the multi-criteria assessment approach with weighted linear combination of the GIS is performed to evaluate the ecological capability of Gorgan for conformity to urban development in different years based on the criteria. Then, there is a comparison between final map of capability and current development; moreover, the rate of conformity in different years is calculated. It is illustrated that the ecological conformity had been decrease gradually from 1987 to 2013, which causes hazardous effects on the environment that seems to be still remain for years. Therefore, reduction of the ecological noncompliance should be considered by relevant authorities. The outputs could be used for urban planners to observe the environmental principles to promote existing conditions.

Quantifying the performance of national policies and programs in different economic, social, and environmental fields has always been a major concern of planners, politicians and researchers worldwide. According to UN statistics, more than 60% of the world population will live in urban areas by the year 2030Despite occupying only 2% of the total land area on Earth, more than half the world's population is living in cities. In this study, a systems approach was adopted to develop a composite index  in order to assess the potential of a city to become sustainable. The index is composed of 10 components containing a total number of 19 indicators. According to which, the 22 districts of Tehran City were compared in terms of sustainability of urban environment quality. The obtained results indicated that the Districts 1, 2 and 3 are in ideal sustainability conditions. These areas are among prosperous places of the city. About 59.09% of all districts were below the average. The Districts 18 and 19 with the values of 0.21 and 0.25 remain in critical condition.

Spatial justiceand geographical justiceasfair distributionof services andamenitiesin order toachieveaharmonioussocietyandone of the socialjusticeapproach.Not proper distributionof services,leads toelimination ofthe justice and willincreasedissatisfaction of citizens from their location. The research method is descriptive – analytical. In order to analysis of how the distribution of services in neighborhoods of six region of Tehran, theLQ, standardized coefficient and VIKOR model is used.Then, using theCopelandmodeltocombinethe results ofthese modelsisdiscussed. The results show that an urban service is not distributed fairly in neighborhoods of this region. So that neighborhoods of Arjanteen – saei and MedaneValiasr in the best position and neighborhoods of Fatemi and Ghezelghale, are locatedat the lowest level in having of urban services distribution.Alsofindingsindicatedthat thespatial distribution of populationand servicesis not fair.Thus,considering the structure of coherent andsystematicof city, attention tothe spatialjustice ofdistributionservicein levelneighborhoods of six regionsanddistributionof these servicesaccording tothepopulation, has made itnecessary.

Nowadays as for increasing growth of urban population and then expedite and ungovernable development of cities, many issues and problems have been stand on human societies The assessment of change rate of urban settlements in Sari city in the past half-century shows significant increment of urban lands space over the city. Increment of urban settlements in mentioned area takes place regardless capabilities and restrictions on lands and also ecological capability assessment process of urban development which causes wide range of valuable lands to be destroyed. Ecological capability assessment process of urban development estimates possible utilization of human from land for urban development usage. The present study which is descriptive and analysis and applicable research, is done to achieve designing and using a holistic and flexible model in order to ecological capability assessment of urban development by utilizing ANP. Analysis network process is relatively a modern method in the field of environmental researches that is based on mutual influence of environmental standards and of course wisdom collective judgment. The results of present research led to offering lands zoning map of the under studding area based on Ecological capability assessment of urban development to optimize activities in order to preventing environmental imbalance.

Balancing in territories settlements, especially in the urban systems, is important for spatial planning. According to studies carried out in a non-equilibrium state of the urban system and the primacy phenomenon is evident at national and regional levels in Iran. The purpose of this paper is to explore the urban hierarchy of Qom province, especially in the course of time. This study, is descriptive and analytical method and developmental research by purpose. Documentary methods have been used for data collection. In order to analyze the urban system has been used many indicators (primacy, two city, Mehta, Moomaw&Alwosabi, Kinsburg, scattering coefficient, Herfindahl, Shannon entropy, size- rank and improved size-rank). The results show province of Qom has 6 city that all cities don’t have record high urbanization except the city of Qom. Also, all indicators show that the city of Qom has the strongest urban prime rate, concentration and imbalance. Even become the province of Qom and the formation of new urban areas couldn't reduce imbalances.

During last two decades, rural-urban linkages in the form of regional interaction networks have been analyzed particularly in the geographical literature. In respect to economic linkages, periodic markets network could be assumed as one of the most important markets. In the sustainable social- economic conditions, this can result in positive and reciprocal functions. This study aims to determine the role of periodic markets network in regional development around Tehran metropolis. In this descriptive-analytical research, 199 sellers and 384 buyers in 49 periodic markets surrounding Tehran Metropolis were studied. To measure the effective factors in the establishment of periodic markets network and regional development, five indicators such as population size, share of urban wholesalers, share of urban and rural street vendors, share of agricultural and non-agricultural products and share of intra-area and regional transportation network were chosen. Results showed that population size and the convergent role of rural and urban street vendors associated with the development of intra-area transportation network were effective in the establishment and sustainability of rural and urban periodic markets network and regional development. It is proposed to note promoting share of direct supply of rural agricultural and non-agricultural products to these markets for rural- urban balanced development.

Boarder villages of sistan region in Iran are so less developed and their location on the boarder of Afghanistan has fueled this less development. Subsequently, Afghan's settlement in this region has caused some special socio-economic situation in sistan region and has overwhelmed lots of functions of this region's villages. The goal of this article is an analytical study on the effects of Afghan's settlement on the socio-economic development of boarder villages of Sistan. Based on the library study, field studies and questionnaire the method of this article was description- analytical study. The collected information was analyzed by means of Taxonomy method and spearman test inlet in SPSS software. The results of level taxonomy showed that among the 31 studied villages the number of 6 villages were on normal level and 25 others were on middle level or bellow. Also the results of spearman test with a degree of 99 percent certainty shows the correlation between afghan's settlement with economic development ( -0.814) and social development( -0.679) and concluded that the socio-economic situation of the region will improved by afghan withdrawal from Sistan area.

Spatial planning concept refers to alignment and arrangement of relationship between people, space and activities at different geographical scales with emphasis on the role of decision-making and decision-taking. Objective of this research is investigating the spatial distribution and localization of therapeutic land use (important hospitals) of Mashhad city with passive defense approach. Although, emphasis is on passive defense approach, however, because it is closely tied to the issue of spatial planning (especially in urban scale), the findings of the study can also be effective in spatial planning and urban planning. Study area is city of Mashhad that with regard to the diversity of therapeutic spaces, major city hospitals were selected for final consideration. Research methodology is descriptive - analysis method. Findings of Research indicate that the main part of important hospitals in Mashhad have been concentrated in the central part of the city. These regions located in areas of high risk in terms of passive defense. Imbalance between density population and spatial distribution of hospitals in urban areas is strongly noticeable. Finally, with attention to investigations and results, some suggestions for reduction hazards of therapeutic spaces in times of crisis offered.

Before creating a free zone in the Qeshm Island, the indicators of development (social, economic, physical and environmental), the lowest value was found. Nowadays, these indicators increase in this island. This research study the role of Qeshm in Iran Census in urban development, and social security in Qeshm examined, Method of research is descriptive – analytical. The results suggest that the creation of social development indicators like education Qeshm, population and economic indicators such as the expansion of commercial markets, docks, customs, employment trends have been growing, despite the positive effects of creating, bottom of these crimes in the future urban structure of Qeshm is also ineffective acknowledges it is 50 percent of respondents to the insecurity situation in the city of Qeshm in the future will increase relative to the status Qeshm.

Many human activities due to the lack of consideration in environmental restrictions on the landscape ecology are influential and have severe environmental effects on natural ecosystems. This study was conducted to investigate the trend of changes in landscape ecology in Dehloran, Ilam. For developing maps of Land cover, and analyzing the changes, we used, respectively, the satellite images of (1985) TM and (2007) ETM + were applied and landscape metrics of class area, density of patches, number of patches, mean of patches size, edge density and mean of shape index Various class-level landscape pattern metrics were calculated using FRAGTATS, in order to analyze landscape fragmentation. The analysis of landscape metrics revealed that the extensive replacement of fair rangelands by agricultural lands, rangelands, residential areas and barren lands. The results showed that increase in the number of patches and decrease in the mean of the area size was an important indicator of significant index of degradation, and the process of degradation and destruction of landscape ecology was in an increase mood. Therefore the results necessitated paying attention to the quality of land use and cover in the region for to exploit natural resources appropriately and sustainably.