This study has been carried out to investigate that the effect of different levels of in ovo zinc, manganese and copper mineral mix injection on the hatchability and some tissue characteristics in the Japanese quail breeder eggs. In the study a total 400 Japanese quail breeder eggs which have similar weight have been randomly distributed to four different experimental groups: C as control non-injected (C), MinMix1 has been injected with 15+15+3 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg, MinMix2 has been injected with 30+30+6 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg and MinMix3 has been injected with 45+45+9 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg. The effect of treatment on hatchability, hatching weight and tibia weight, leg, beak and tibia lengths has been found to be unimportant. The yolk sac weight was lower in the injected groups compared to the control group, whereas the heart and liver weights, chick and wing lengths have significantly increased with the in ovo mineral mix injection. The hatching of chicks in the injected groups has started earlier than the control group and the hatchings of these groups were completed earlier, except for the MinMix3 group. These results demonstrated that in ovo injection with MinMix2 increased heart and liver weights and chick and wing lengths while in ovo mineral injection decreased yolk sac.

Necrogenic Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, which causes economic losses especially in pome fruits such as apple, pear, quince and loquat, some berries and many ornamental plants, causes fire blight disease. Copper compounds are used extensively in disease control programs and they can cause toxicproblems in terms of plant and environmental health. In addition, the formation of resistance to copper in the pathogen is frequently observed. In this study, plant activator phosphorous acid and biological control agent Bacillus subtilis, and 3 different copper compounds,  Copper sulfate,  Copper oxychloride and Copper hydroxide which are commonly  used  against E. amylovora,  on  apple  cv.  Gala  with  M9  rootstock  were  evaluated  comparatively.  When the new season shoot lengths of 3-year-old plants with homogeneous growth reached 20-25 cm, chemicals and B. subtilis were applied first time before one week ago from the pathogen inoculation, and after 2 times with 1 week intervals. The youngest two leaves at tips of actively growing terminal plant shoots were inoculated by cutting off using scissors dipped in suspension of E. amylovora str. EaARADY5 containing 108 CFU ml-1. Disease assessments were made after the disease severity (%)  was determined on the basis of shoot blight after symptom development of the disease stopped, and the results were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the findings, while the highest effect was obtained by copper oxychloride with 69%  effectiveness among all applications,  the lowest effectiveness was obtained with 43.5% copper sulfate. It has been revealed that the use of the most effective of the copper compounds in field applications will result in less exposure to chemicals in terms of human and environmental health, and that B. subtilis and phosphorous acid can be used significantly in the integrated control of fire blight.