In this study conducted to investigate the effect of breeding flock age on the fattening performance and carcass characteristics of broilers, Ross-308 chicks obtained from the eggs of breeding in three different age groups; young (30 weeks old), middle (47 weeks old), and old (59 weeks old) were used. For this purpose, three different treatment groups and three replications in each treatment group were formed depending on the breeder age in the experiment. In the study, 30 chicks in each replication, 90 chicks in each treatment group and 270 chicks in total were used. At the initial and the end of the experiment, the differences observed between the treatment groups in terms of live weight were found to be significant. It was determined that chick live weights per trial increased with increasing flock age (P0.05). As a result, although chicks obtained from old flocks had higher live weight at the beginning of the experiment, the effect of flock age on fattening performance and carcass parameters was eliminated at the end of the experiment and showed similar values with the chicks obtained from medium and young flocks.

Bu çalışmada, 2017 yılından 2021'e kadar beş generasyon boyunca ıslah ve seleksiyonu sürdürülen Anadolu-T etlik piliç saf hatlarının gelişme ve karkas özelliklerinin ticari hibritle karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Her generasyonda seleksiyon işleminden sonra yeterli sayıda saf hat (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2) ve ticari hibrit (Ross-308) yumurtaları kuluçka edilerek her genotipten 120 dişi-erkek civciv üretilmiştir. Etlik piliçler 6 hafta süreyle etlik piliç üretim standartlarında yetiştirilmiş ve bu süre sonunda kesim ve karkas özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Gelişme özellikleri olarak canlı ağırlık (CA), yemden yararlanma oranı (YYO) ve yaşama gücü; karkas özellikleri olarak göğüs ve but eti oranı ele alınmıştır. Beş generasyon boyunca 6 haftalık yaşta en yüksek ortalama CA ve en iyi YYO Ross-308 ticari hibritlerde (CA: 2961,2 ile 3481,2 g ve YYO: 1,43 ile 1,60 arasında) elde edilmiştir ve bunu sırasıyla baba (CA: 2633,8 ile 3180,2 g ve YYO: 1,65 ile 1,77 arasında) ve ana hatları (CA: 2307,7 ile 2698,5 g ve YYO: 1,65 ile 1,78 arasında) izlemiştir. Saf hatların yaşama gücü generasyonlara bağlı sayısal farklılıklar gösterse de ticari hibritle genel olarak benzer (%96-100) gerçekleşmiştir. Hem ana hem de baba hatların göğüs oranı ticari hibrite göre daha düşük iken, saf hatlarda but oranının daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Saf hatların beş generasyonluk kısa bir seleksiyon geçmişine sahip olması henüz yeterli bir değerlendirmeye imkân vermemektedir. Ana ve baba hatlarında bireysel yemden yararlanma testine ek olarak baba hatlarında canlı ağırlık ve göğüs alanı özelliklerinin de seleksiyon kriteri olarak kullanılmasının canlı ağırlık ve yemden yararlanmayı iyileştirmesi beklenmektedir.

The present study was planned to determine the effect of flock age on hatching results and chick quality in Ross 308 broiler parents. For this purpose, the eggs of three different flock age (30, 47, and 59 weeks of age) were used. A total of 450 eggs (50 × 3 for each group), including 150 eggs from each age group, were placed in the incubator as a coincidence. The number of alive chicks after hatching was determined and these chicks were classified into three quality groups as low quality, high quality, and discarded chicks. Non-hatched eggs were broken in order to control the fertility and determine the embryonic deaths. At the end of the study, the effect of the flock age on fertility rate (%), hatchability (%) and chick quality was found to be significant. However, the effect of flock age on hatchablity of fertile eggs and early, mid, and late-period embryo deaths were found to be insignificant. It was found that eggs obtained from the young breeders were higher in terms of fertility rate and hatchability than eggs obtained from old breeders. The chicks obtained from young breeders' eggs were determined as 33.60% high quality, 48.10% low quality, and 18.30% discarded chicks. These rates were 32.70%, 43.40%, and 23.90% in chicks obtained from middle-aged breeders, respectively, 56.10%, 36.40%, and 7.50% in chicks obtained from the old breeders. As a result, it was determined that there was a decrease in the hatching results in parallel with the increase in breeding age, but the chick quality increased.

Yaz koşullarında etlik piliçlerde gece-gündüz yemlemesi ve aydınlatmanın performans üzerine etkileri toplam 1104 adet ticari etlik civciv kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Denemenin ikinci haftasında, etlik piliçler erkek-dişi ayrı olmak üzere 2 × 6 tekerrürlü olmak üzere deneme bölmelerine yerleştirilmişlerdir. Denemede, kontrol grubuna (1. grup) sürekli aydınlatma ve serbest yemleme yapılmıştır. 2. gruba sürekli aydınlatma uygulanmış ve son üç hafta 10:00 ile 16:00 saatleri arasında aç bırakılmıştır. 3. gruba ise sürekli aydınlatma yapılmış ve deneme süresince gündüz 10:00 ile 16:00 saatleri arasında aç bırakılmıştır. 4. gruba günışığı dışında sürekli aydınlatma yapılmış ve gece 24:00 ile 06:00 saatleri arasında yem verilmemiştir. 5. gruba sürekli aydınlatma uygulanmış ve son üç hafta gece 24:00 ile 06:00 saatleri arasında yem verilmemiştir. 6. gruba ise gündüz yem verilmiş, gece ise karartma yapılarak 24:00 ile 06:00 saatleri arasında yem verilmemiştir. Deneme sonunda her iki cinsiyette de muameleler arasında canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi ve yemden yararlanma oranı bakımından farklılık istatistikî olarak önemsiz bulunmuştur. Sıcak-soğuk karkas ağırlığına erkek-dişi etlik piliçlerde muamelelerin etkisi önemli olup, erkeklerde 3. ve 6. muamele grupları, dişilerde ise 6. muamele grubu daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Erkek etlik piliçlerde karkas randımanına muamelenin etkisi önemli bulunmuş, 4. ve 6. muamele gruplarının en yüksek değere sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Dişi etlik piliçlerde ise karkas randımanı bakımından muameleler arasında farklılık bulunmamış. Muamelelerin ölüm oranlarına olan etkisi de önemsiz bulunmuştur. Yaz koşullarında serbest yemleme ve sürekli aydınlatma uygulaması piliçlerin performansını olumsuz etkilerken, kısıtlı yemleme ve aydınlatma ise hayvanların verim kayıplarını göreceli olarak azaltmıştır.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of electrical stunning including different currents (AC/pDC) and waves types (square, triangle and chirp) applied to unconscious to broiler chickens before slaughtering on carcass defects and breast meat quality characteristics. In this study were used 39-d-old (Ross 308) broiler chickens, from the same flock raised commercially under similar environmental and mean weight 2350 g. Six treatment groups were set up with 10 birds (5♀:5♂) each. A total of 60 broiler chickens were stunned with electricity at water bath for 5 s using AC and pDC currents at 200 Hz frequency and 120 mA/bird. After slaughtering, the amount of blood loss, vein hemorrhages in the carcasses, spot stains and fractures in the wing bones were detected in the chicks. In addition, pH and color values and water loss of breast meat were also examined. Electric current application did not cause any significant carcass defect in chickens. It was determined that triangular and chirp wave types caused more blood loss than square wave in chickens. The lowest water loss in breast meat was realized in the chirp wave type while pH15 value in the breast meat of chicks applied AC was found higher. It was determined that triangular and square waves in water baths and chirp wave type in individual applications were resulted in having more positive effects on the properties investigated.

Bu çalışma, Eskişehir Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü (EGKTAE) Tavuk Islah işletmesinde ıslahı gerçekleştirilen 2 saf baba (B1 ve B2) ile 3 saf ana (A1, A2 ve A3) hattında 14-42 haftalar arasında yürütülmüştür. Tüm saf hatlarda artan yaşla birlikte FPD skorlarında artış görülmüştür. Canlı ağırlıkların daha yüksek olduğu baba hatlarında (B1 ve B2) 14 haftalık yaşta daha düşük FPD skorları görülürken, 42 haftalık yaşta ana hatlarından (A1, A2 ve A3) daha yüksek olmuştur. Ana hatlarında 30 ve 42 haftalık yaşlarda baba hatlarına göre daha yüksek yumurta verimi ve kuluçkalık yumurta verimi elde edilmiş ve hatlar arasındaki farklılıklar önemli bulunmuştur (P<0,01). Yumurtlama döneminde A1, A2, A3, B1 ve B2 saf hatlarında gerçekleşen kuluçkalık yumurta oranları sırasıyla %98,55, %96,68, %97,75, %96,39 ve %97,23 olarak belirlenmiştir. Saf hatlarda yumurta ağırlıkları bakımından farklılıklar önemli bulunmuştur (P<0,01). Döllülük oranları bakımından genotipler arasında önemli farklılıklar belirlenmiştir (P<0,01). Ebeveynlerin 14, 20, 30 ve 42 haftalık yaşlarındaki canlı ağırlıkları ile FPD skorları arasında belirlenen korelasyon katsayıları sırasıyla 0,70, 0,64, 0,72 ve 0,67 bulunmuştur (P<0,01). 42. hafta yumurta verimi ve kuluçkalık yumurta verimi ile FPD değerleri arasında -0,56 ve -0,54’lük korelasyon katsayıları belirlenmiştir (P<0,01). Döllülük oranları ile canlı ağırlıklar arasındaki korelasyon katsayıları önemli bulunmamıştır. Canlı ağırlıklar ile yumurta verimi ve kuluçkalık yumurta verimi arasındaki önemli düzeyde negatif yönlü korelasyonlar bulunmuştur (P<0,01). Sonuç olarak, CA ve FPD düzeyleri baba hatlarında daha yüksek bulunurken, KYV bakımından ana hatları üstünlük sağlamıştır. Artan CA ile FPD düzeyindeki artış üreme performansındaki düşüşe katkı sağlamış olsa da döllülük oranı üzerinde olumsuz bir etki ortaya çıkmamıştır.

This study is conducted to improve growth performance, breast meat characteristics, welfare, and immunity level of broiler chickens by using a combination of monochromatic LED light in the early and later periods of the rearing. A total of 576 one-day old mixed sexes broiler chickens (ROSS 308) were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments: 1) White fluorescent light (Control, WF), 2) Green LED light (G), 3) Blue LED light (B) and 4) Green-Blue LED combination light (G-B) (green light for first 3 weeks, switching to blue light for remaining 3 weeks). Body weights (BW), body weights gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality rates were determined. In addition, on d 39, gait score and at 21 and 40 d of age, tonic immobility (TI) duration and at 28 and 40 d for immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum and at d 42 of age, pectoral muscle quality and tibia bone characteristics were determined. The results showed that birds under Y-M had significantly higher CA in the first 21 days than these of BF and M and in the last 3 weeks than the broilers in the BF and G. At the end of the experiment, it was revealed that the B and G-B groups consumed more feed than the other groups. FCR, mortality rates and TI duration in broilers were not affected by light treatments. Light affected the gait score which is a welfare indicator in broilers was affected and G group had the worst gait score. Light affected values of pH24, b* and water-holding capacity in the breast muscle and the lowest pH24 value appeared in G-B group. On 40th day of the trial, although the IgG levels in all the treatment groups decreased according to the 28th day, the IgG level of G-B group was found higher than the other groups. In conclusion, the present study shows that in chickens, the monochromatic G-B combination had a positive effect on the growing and especially the high level of IgG determined in the blood serum showed that it can be effective in development of a strong immunity.

The aim of the study is to present a review about the "Wooden Breast Syndrome" (WBS) syndrome, which is a muscle disorder that has become increasingly important in recent years, and the etiology of the abnormalities caused by this myopathy, and its histological, macroscopic, and microscopic features. Besides, the effects on the visual, sensory, functional, mechanical quality and processing properties of the breast meat of broilers and their negative effects on the poultry industry were also discussed. Since this myopathy gives a hard structure to the pectolaris major muscle, it is called "Wooden Breast" in public. It is assumed that the leading direct and indirect causes of WB syndrome in broilers are pectoral muscle hypertrophy (volume increase in muscle cells), rapid growth rate, and high breast meat yield. Also, age, gender, diet, feed restriction, oxidative stress, genetics, etc. factors are also thought to be effective. However, the etiology of WB syndrome is still unclear in many aspects. As a result of the macroscopic examination of the wooden breast meat, a striking stiffness, swelling, viscous exudate (inflammatory fluid), petechial (purple-red bleeding spots) fluid, and a pale appearance in the pectoral major muscles are observed, and the lesions that occur can be detected by palpation. Due to these visual and sensory defects in breast meat, the consumability of meat decreases and this leads to significant economic losses for the poultry industry.

This research was conducted for 42 days, in order to determine the effects of fluctuate lighting program on production and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. 300 day old Ross 308 chicks were used. Chicks were randomly distributed to 2 lighting groups which were normal lighting (control) and fluctuate lighting, and each group was divided in to 3 replicates containing 50 chicks. For both groups lighting was arranged as 23 hours of lighting versus 1 hour of dimming. Control group was subjected to constant lighting of 20 lux/m2 for the days 0-21, and 5 lux/m2 for the days 22-42; while in the fluctuate lighting group was subjected to lighting of 5 lux/m2 for 45 minutes and additional 20 lux/m2 for 15 minutes every hour. There were no differences of final body weight, weekly body weight gain, cumulative feed intake, cumulative feed conversion ratio, viability, foot and leg problems, hot and cool carcass weight, thigh weight, breast weight, wing weight, back weight, liver or heart weights. However, there were statistically significant differences of gizzard weight and abdominal fat weight between two groups. In conclusion, gizzard and abdominal fat weights of broilers subjected to fluctuate lighting are less than control. This suggests that fluctuate lighting can be used to lower abdominal fat which is an important problem in broilers.

Environmental pollution is defined as the disruption of normal ecological balance with emmision of various substances and energy residues as a result of human activities. Animal production is one of the major human activity that enables this emission to increase significantly. Although ruminants play an important role in the effects of animal production on environmental pollutant emissions, the effects of poultry production and broiler production are also worth considering. As in all livestock types, the main factor that has a direct impact on environmental pollutant emissions is feeding for this animal types too. High nutrient needs of broilers and production processes of feed containing these nutrients; greenhouse gas causes increased nitrogen and phosphorus emissions; consequently, they cause air, soil and water pollution to multiply. Changes in protein and amino acid levels or the use of certain feed additives in feeds affect the emission value of broiler production. In addition, the feeding methods also has an effect on these emission values. When these effects are taken into consideration, it is possible to reduce the emission values in broiler production. In this review, environmental effects of broiler nutrition examined in terms of feed production, nutrient emission by manure, presentation of feed and feed form.