Microalgae, also called phytoplankton by biologists, are very small plant-like organisms with a diameter of 1-50 micrometers without roots, stem and leaves. Microalgae, which have hundreds of thousands of species in both fresh waters and seas, form the lowest link of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems. Most species contain chlorophyll, use sunlight as an energy source, and convert carbon dioxide into biomass (biomass). Because of their role in the photosynthesis process, microalgae produce most of the oxygen in the atmosphere. It has a very wide biodiversity and is reported to contain more than 200 thousand species. As a result of genetic analysis, a continuous increase in microalgae species is observed. More than 15 thousand new chemical compounds have been discovered from algae in recent years. It has been observed that most of the bio compounds obtained from microalgae have antiviral effects. However, although extensive research has been done on the antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal effects of these bioactive compounds, there is limited research on their antiviral effects. In these limited number of studies on the antiviral effects of microagines, it has been reported that some biocompounds isolated from algae may be effective against viruses that are the cause of diseases such as “HIV, SARS and AIDS”. However, the number of researches on viruses that cause today's biggest pandemic, such as coronavirus, of different biocompounds isolated from microalgae, is very small. To date, no vaccine that can be effective against the COVID-19 virus or a drug that can inhibit the reproduction of the virus has not been found. It is thought that micro or macro algae may be one of the most promising natural resources in solving this global health problem. Because Spirulina, which is a microalgae, has antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibiotic, antioxidant, prebiotic, cardiovascular system protective and antiallergic effects and these positive effects are caused by bioactive compounds found in high content (Rosales-Mendoza et al., 2020a). In this review, especially the antiviral effects of microalgae were tried to be summarized and it was tried to be emphasized that algae could be promising natural resources in the development of new antiviral drugs by our country's scientists.

Spodoptera frugiperda es una plaga polífaga de importancia económica en países tropicales y subtropicales. En Colombia ataca el algodonero (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cultivo que ha tomado importancia gracias a la adopción de variedades genéticamente modificados (GM). En el estudio se determinaron los efectos subletales de algunas de estas variedades sobre larvas de este insec-to. Para el efecto, en condiciones de laboratorio (27°C, 65 ± 10% HR y 12 h fotoperiodo) se eva-luaron las variedades NuOPAL RR (proteína Cry1Ac), DP141 B2RF (proteínas Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) y DeltaOPAL RR (no Bt). Los parámetros evaluados fueron: (a) peso de larvas, (b)peso de heces, (c) peso del alimento ofrecido y (d) peso del alimento no consumido. Como índices de consumo y digestibilidad se calcularon la tasa relativa de consumo (TRCo), la tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRCr), la eficiencia de conversión del alimento ingerido (ECI) y la digestibilidad aproximada (DA). Los índices mostraron actividad antialimentaria de la variedad DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) que afecta de forma negativa la tasa de crecimiento y la conversión del alimento por parte de las larvas. El peso de las larvas alimentadas en DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) fue 58.6% menor que en la variedad no Bt. Los resultados muestran un efecto adverso de la variedad DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) en el desarrollo larval de S. frugiperda. Se confirman los efectos antibió-ticos del las variedades GM evaluadas que inciden en un menor desarrollo y en la supervivencia de las larvas

Spodoptera frugiperda es una plaga polífaga de importancia económica en países tropicales y subtropicales. En Colombia ataca el algodonero (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cultivo que ha tomado importancia gracias a la adopción de variedades genéticamente modificadas (GM). En el estudio se determinaron los efectos subletales de algunas de estas variedades sobre larvas de este insecto. Para el efecto, en condiciones de laboratorio (27°C, 65 ± 10% HR y 12 h fotoperiodo) se evaluaron las variedades NuOPAL RR (proteína Cry1Ac), DP141 B2RF (proteínas Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) y DeltaOPAL RR (no Bt). Los parámetros evaluados fueron: (a) peso de larvas, (b)peso de heces, (c) peso del alimento ofrecido y (d) peso del alimento no consumido. Como índices de consumo y digestibilidad se calcularon la tasa relativa de consumo (TRCo), la tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRCr), la eficiencia de conversión del alimento ingerido (ECI) y la digestibilidad aproximada (DA). Los índices mostraron actividad antialimentaria de la variedad DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) que afecta de forma negativa la tasa de crecimiento y la conversión del alimento por parte de las larvas. El peso de las larvas alimentadas en DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) fue 58.6% menor que en la variedad no Bt. Los resultados muestran un efecto adverso de la variedad DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) en el desarrollo larval de S. frugiperda. Se confirman los efectos antibióticos de las variedades GM evaluadas que inciden en un menor desarrollo y en la supervivencia de las larvas. | Spodoptera frugiperda, is a polyphagous pest with economic importance in tropical and subtropical countries. In Colombia, S. frugiperda is a secondary pest in cotton. This cultivar has gained importance due to the adoption of genetically modified crops (GM). The objective of this study was to determine the sub-lethal effects of GM cotton varieties on S. frugiperda larvae. In order to do so, NuOPAL RR (Cry1Ac), DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) and DeltaOPAL RR (No-Bt) varieties were tested under laboratory controlled conditions (27°C, 65 ±10% RH and 12 h photoperiod). The parameters to be evaluated were: (a) weight of larvae, (b) weight of feces, (c) weight of provided food and, (d) weight of non-consumed food. Digestibility and consumption indexes were calculated: Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Efficiency of the Conversion of Ingested Food (ECI) and the Approximate Digestibility (AD). The nutritional indexes show antifeedant activity of DP141 B2RF, (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab), affecting in a negative way the growth rate and the conversion of larvae food. The weight gained by larvae fed with DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) was 58.6% less than the control. These results suggest an unfavorable effect of DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) in the larval development of S. frugiperda. The antibiotic effects were confirmed observing minor development and a negative effect in the survival of larvae fed on GM cotton.