The livestock sector plays an important role in climate change by contributing to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Studies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in production systems of ruminant animals are of particular interest all over the world. Methane gas is formed as a result of microbial fermentation of hydrolyzed carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and starch in the rumen. Ruminants contribute approximately 16% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 33% of global anthropogenic methane emissions. Considering its radioactive effect and global warming potential, it is estimated that the life of methane in the atmosphere, which is an important factor, will reach its half point in 12.4 years. With the increase in the world's population, the demand for animal products for nutritional purposes will need more animals and therefore total methane emissions will increase. Reducing methane emissions without reducing animal production is of critical value. In this review, methane release from ruminant animals, its reduction ways and measurement methods were examined.

There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.

The increasing costs of conventional feedstuffs like corn, soybean meal and fish meal for poultry diets increased the need for cheaper alternatives. Babassu is a tall palm tree species found in Brazil. Babassu meal is high in protein (19.49-20.19%), minerals (1.20% Ca, 0.41% available P) and gross energy, 4553 kcal/kg. The amino acid profile of babassu meal indicates that it is a good source of amino acids especially arginine (2.34%), glycine+serine (1.75%) and phenylalanine+tyrosine (1.32%). In this review, the studies focused on possibilities of using babassu meal in poultry and ruminant rations were discussed.

The rapid increase in the world population increases the need for plant and animal food. Agriculture and animal husbandry practices are becoming more common day by day to meet the need for food and to obtain more products. This situation increases the amount of waste per unit of animal products. Increased animal excrement is associated with greenhouse gas emissions, harms the environment and animal health. One of these greenhouse gases, methane, increases animal production and poses a significant threat to global warming. Feeding research, which optimizes rumens and animal productivity to reduce ruminant methane emissions, is one of the hottest topics today. The purpose of this study is to evaluate feed distribution in terms of chemical composition, methane production, net energy, and organic matter digestibility by collecting forage and concentrates from various ranches in Niğde. Therefore, to increase the productivity of livestock on small farms in Turkey, the ratio of feed ingredients was determined on a farm basis, and there were some comments on the lower and upper limits of the fattening rate. Gas and methane production of TMR samples was determined using in vitro gas production technology. Nutrient contents obtained from different livestock farms CP (9.58-14.72), CF (1.89- 2.30), CA (7.64-13.92), ADF (19.77-27.82) NDF (36.71-45.69) DM (90.48-91.79) content, methane (CH₄), OMS, NEL and ME values were also different (P

Hayvancılık sektörü, antropojenik sera gazı emisyonlarına katkıda bulunarak iklim değişikliğinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle ruminant hayvanlarının üretim sistemlerinde sera gazı salınımının azaltılmasına yönelik çalışmalar küresel çapta büyük ilgi görmektedir. Metan gazı selüloz, hemiselüloz, pektin ve nişasta gibi hidrolize olmuş karbonhidratların rumende mikrobiyal fermantasyona uğraması sonucunda oluşmaktadır. Ruminantlar küresel sera gazı emisyonlarının yaklaşık %16’sına, küresel antropojenik metan emisyonlarının da %33’üne katkıda bulunmaktadır. Atmosferdeki metanın yarılanma ömrünün 12,4 yıl olduğu tahmin edilmekte olup radyoaktif etkisi ve küresel ısınma potansiyeli dikkate alındığında bu süre önemlidir. Dünya nüfusunun artması ile birlikte beslenmek için hayvansal ürünlere olan talep yükselecek ve daha fazla hayvansal üretime gereksinim duyulacak, bunun sonucunda metan emisyonuda yükselecektir. Hayvansal üretimi düşürmeden metan emisyonunun azaltılması önem kazanmaktadır. Bu derlemede, ruminant hayvanlardan kaynaklı metan salınımı, azaltma yolları ve ölçüm yöntemleri incelenmiştir.

The methods applied for yield increases per unit animal are also progressing rapidly, along with the rapid progress of agricultural and animal production in parallel with the rapidly developing population and the food demand. The increase in animal products increases the environmental impacts per unit of animal product. With the increase in animal wastes in recent years, greenhouse gas emissions have increased even more, thus negatively affecting the environment and animal health. In order to prevent this negative effect, sustainable methods and strategic measures related to animal feeding and care are important in order to reduce the emission of harmful greenhouse gases. Methane, which is the second most important greenhouse gas, is found in large amounts in the atmosphere as a molecule, the accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere more than CO₂ increases the interest in this subject. Different practices related to the nutrition of ruminant animals (use of feed additives, feeding strategies) in order to optimize rumen conditions and increase productivity per unit animal is a developing area. Sharing this information with animal breeders will also benefit the environment, and therefore human and animal health, in terms of reducing both methane and nitrogen emissions. In ruminant animals, it can cause a loss of 2-12% of the gross energy taken with the feed so that the methane gas can be removed from the body. There are many studies on feeding to reduce nitrogen losses in faeces and urine, which cause methane emissions for ruminants, and many of these studies still do not reach a permanent conclusion. The reduction in enteric CH₄ emissions to be made must be tailored to the specific needs of farmers and livestock, and to be cost-effective. In our study, it is aimed to compile animal feeding strategies and reduction of methane emissions under different conditions.

Genetically modified (GM) crops are being planted at large scale worldwide. In most of the countries, GM crops are processed into livestock feed. The land is used for cultivation of GM plants has been increased in recent years; in 2012 GM plants were grown on over 170 million hectares in 28 countries by 17.3 million farmers and extended to 185.1 million hectors in 2016 worldwide. GM plants have been used as feed for animals and the number of studies has proved their safety for animal and public health. This paper reviews the possible effects of GM crops on livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals by reviewing different type of studies, in which parameters such as performance, reproductive and health assessment were investigated. The most of peer-reviewed papers evaluating the effects of feeding animals with transgenic crops were based on GM plants with improved agronomic traits i.e. herbicide-tolerant plants and pets-tolerant plants; however, in some cases GM plants with boosted nutritional properties assessed. In most experiments, either Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize, Roundup Ready (RR) soybean or both fed to animals. Measurable differences in various parameters were mostly observed in Bt maize and soybean fed separately or simultaneously to animals. In this review, scientific studies showing the effects of the use of GM products in the nutrition of domestic animals on performance, health and reproductive parameters are investigated.

The poultry industry in the developing countries is facing some challenges, one of which is an increase in the cost of feed because of high prices of protein and energy sources. Moringa oleifera is a rich source of protein and crude fiber content. The crude protein (CP) content of Moringa ranges from 7.12 to 39.17%. Negligible content of tannins and other anti-nutritive compounds and offers an alternative source of protein to ruminants and non-ruminants. Although rich in nutrients such as protein and minerals, Moringa oleifera is one of those plants that have not been studied for many years. In addition, they are also faced with the problem of the development of antibiotic resistant pathogens due to unwise and excessive use of antibiotics. In this paper, feeding studies made on the Moringa oleifera used in nutrition of poultry and ruminant species have been reviewed.

Bovine and caprine mastitis is a dreadful bacterial disease that drastically lowers milk production, and presently it is spreading as an endemic pathogen throughout the world, including Bangladesh. Moreover, mastitis is the main impediment to Bangladesh’s tremendously rising milk-related industry and general livestock economy. Therefore, the aim of this study is to demonstrate the overall prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis in both dairy cows and goats. It is the foremost meta-analysis study regarding mastitis prevalence in Bangladesh and the study gathered the articles from the electronic database on the topic bovine and caprine mastitis published between January 2005 and November 2020. Finally, 33 articles were selected for estimating the overall prevalence rate of mastitis in ruminant (cow and goat) via random effect model estimation. Analyzing the result, the study found 43.0% (95% Cl: 37.0 - 50.0%) and 31.0% (95% Cl: 15.0 - 47.0%) prevalence rate in dairy cattle and goat. Statistically, the occurrence rate in Bangladesh is significantly higher than other countries. Although many studies showed the seroprevalence across different districts, this study demonstrates the aggregate incidence rates across Bangladesh as a whole. This paper may also serve as a reference point for the implementation of any control strategy of mastitis in Bangladesh.

Copra meal (CM) is an important feed ingredient and the by-product of the oil extraction from dried coconut kernels. This product, although copra meal has a moderate protein content (15-25%); because of a high cellulose content (11.63-16.00%) and some limiting amino acids (particularly lysine and methionine), limits its use as a basic source of protein in poultry due to insufficient. Copra meals are more suitable common supplements as both an energy and protein source for ruminants. In this paper, nutritional researches performed with the copra meal usage on poultry and ruminant species have been reviewed.