This study was carried out during the summer of 2014 to determine alternative quality forage sources that could be grown in the Aydın ecological conditions. In the study, effects of 3 different mixtures and 2 pure species (100% Buckwheat, 25% Buckwheat -75% Soybean, 50% Buckwheat -5 0% Soybean, 75% Buckwheat - 25% Soybean, 100% Soybean) and 2 different harvesting times (50%-100% flowering/buckwheat) on yield and quality characteristics were investigated. According to measurements, the highest average herbage yield was obtained from 75% Buckwheat-25% Soybean application (3100 kg/da) at 2nd harvest time. When the average of hay yield was examined, the results were similar to herbage yield. When ADF and NDF were examined, the highest values were seen at the 2nd harvest. When the crude protein ratios were examined, it was found that they decreased at the 2nd harvesting time and the highest value was determined at 100% soybean application at the 1st harvesting time (21.08%). When Digestible Dry Matter (DDM) and Relative Feed Value (RFV) were examined, the highest values were determined in 100%Soybean applications at first harvest time and when the mixture applications were examined, the highest values were determined to be 75% Buckwheat - 25% Soybean application. As a result of the study, it was determined that the yields obtained at the 2nd harvest time were higher but the forage quality decreased. When the mixtures were examined, it was determined that the mixture having the highest roughage value was 75% buckwheat + 25% soybean application. In this study, the buckwheat which have short vegetation and good quality and the soybean, which is infront of with high quality, mixtures were examined. It has also been found that these mixtures may be important for obtaining high-quality forage in the short and intermediate periods.

There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.

In this study 384 Turkish originated oat genotypes obtained from different gene banks, were characterized and evaluated for agronomical traits with four commercial cultivars (Checota, Sebat, Faikbey and Seydişehir) under augmented experiment design for 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 cropping years. Oat landraces were evaluated for stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), vegetative period (VP), grain filling period (GFP), days to maturity (DM), grain number per panicle (GNP), grain weight per panicle (GWP), thousand kernel weight (TKW), lodging (LOD), barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and single row yield (SRY) under Kahramanmaraş conditions. According to the results of field trail for two years, differences of genotypes were significant for SD, PH, PL, VP, DM, TKW and SRY. However, the components such as SD, PL, VP, GFP, DM, GNP, GWP, TKW and SRY were significantly changed for the years and year x genotype interactions were also significant for PL, VP, DM, TKW and SRY. The landraces performed better than the commercial ones for the most of the evaluated traits. The SRW ranged between 4.65 g (TL444) to 202.1 g (TL614). Moreover, the other genotypes with the higher SRY were TL708, TL714, TL734 and TL703 genotypes with 167.85, 160.25, 153.90 and 149.7 g SRY, respectively.

This research was completed in 2014, in an attempt to determine the problems and solutions of the irrigation unions and their members who operate in the city of Hatay. The research involves 6 out of 8 irrigation unions located in Hatay. The data was gathered by face to face surveys conducted with 6 union managers and 173 union members. Logistics Regression analysis, which is a multivariate analysis technic was used in the analysis of the variables. It was concluded that 65% of the producers are satisfied, and 35% of them are unsatisfied with the irrigation union. The estimate parameters revealed that the irrigation price at low and normal level were the most effective variables. In accordance with the data, evaluated for the managerial staff in the permanent status, showed that the lack of the efficient and subject expert personnel is one of the most important issues directly interfering with the provided service. The delays occurring in the collection of the price of the irrigation water disrupts the maintenance services needed while operating the facilities. The unions need public assistance to cover the personnel expenses, large maintenance processes, and development of the facilities.

Public spaces are among the spaces requiring the most importance for the design in the evaluation of outdoor spaces. Public spaces are the common areas used by people of all ages, genders, and jobs. The key feature of the environmental design made in these areas is its requirement to be at the level of meeting the needs of people from all strata. Since there is not the main method for the evaluation of environmental planning of public institutions and organizations in the current literature and these areas strongly affect the texture of the city, a questionnaire study was conducted in our study with people using the courthouse and courthouse personnel to reveal the standards, criteria and the needs of users in public institutions. According to the results of the questionnaire, solution suggestions were made by revealing the positive and negative sides of landscape designs of the courthouse.

A study was conducted to analyze factors influencing adoption of wheat technology packages by smallholder farmers in Gurawa, Meta and Habro districts in eastern Ethiopia. The analysis was based on a household survey data collected from 136 randomly selected households. A Two-limit Tobit model was used to elucidate factors affecting adoption of technology packages measured based on an index derived from five components of wheat technologies which included row planting, pesticide application, use of improved varieties, and application of inorganic fertilizers, namely, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Urea. Among the variables included in the model, variation in district, gender, age of the household head, education status of the household head, farm size, distance to market, distance to FTC (Farmers’ Training Centers), cooperative membership, dependency ratio, and annual income of the households were found to significantly affect the adoption of wheat technology packages. Policy makers, planners and development practitioners should give due attention to these determinants to support smallholder farmers in wheat production and enhance gains derived from it.

The development in science  technology and the researches made in the health field showed that nutrition increases the effectiveness of medical treatment as well as maintaining the human health and singularly effective in the treatment of certain diseases. In recent years, the importance of nutritional elements called ‘Functional foods’ has increased. Functional foods provide physiological benefits and can reduce the risk of chronic diseases beyond their nutritional benefits. One of these functional compounds is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers which have significant effects on human health and previously have been demonstrated in the researches carried out on people and animals. CLA’s attracted more attention after detection of its body fat accumulation reducing, antidiabetic, immune system enhancing, arteriosclerosis reducing, bone mineralization increasing effects.

Selection of dairy cattle for higher milk yield, without considering important non-production traits, has decreased reproductive efficiency. Thus, low reproductive performance is a major problem in high yielding dairy cattle. Previous studies showed that dietary manipulation to improve fertility holds much promise and dietary fats have positive effects on reproductive functions in high yielding dairy cattle. Positive effects of fats on reproductive performance due to the fatty acids, which are the precursors of progesterone and prostaglandins. Progesterone and prostaglandins hormones are most important factors that play a role on the control of reproductive functions. The amount of linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic fattty acids in ration can be increase or decrease progesterone and prostaglandins synthesis especially PGF2α from ovary and uterus, respectively. Also fatty acids can be influence follicular development, ovulation, embryonic implantation and maternal recognition of pregnancy. This review focuses on the relationships between dietary fatty acids and reproductive functions such as hormone profiles, ovarian function and follicular development, oocyte quality, embryo development, embryonic implantation and maternal recognition of pregnancy in dairy cattle.

This study aims to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on tomato yield by using econometric models. The data obtained by questionnaire from 53 farmers who produce tomatoes in Tokat province constitute the main material of the study. The Simple Random Sampling Method was used to determine the sample size with a 90% confidence interval and 10% margin of error. Nine models were tried to determine the best model to explain the effect of nitrogenous fertilizer usage in tomato cultivation. The data in the models were used to calculate the growers’ optimal fertilizer amount of use (physical optimum and economical optimum values were calculated) and the results were compared to the ones suggested by the experts. As a result, through the statistical studies, quadratic model was found to be the most suitable one. It has been determined that tomato farmers use less (10.54 kg da-1) or excess (23.48 kg da-1) N fertilizer than the level at which economic optimum is achieved.

In this study, the changes in % yield, dry matter, ash, lipid, protein content, water activity, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), total viable aerobic count (TVC), yeast and mold count, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), colour parameters and sensorial properties were analysed in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to either salt only or two different salt-sugar mixture treatments. For this purpose, three groups were formed. For the first, second and third group, fish samples were treated with only salt (S), salt and sugar blend (WS) and salt and brown sugar blend (BS), respectively. Then, the samples were vacuum packaged and stored at +4°C for 3 months. Overall, salt treatments, liquid smoking and cooking as well as storage generally caused remarkable changes in the parameters of interest. However, except for the sensory analysis, not a remarkable change was seen when the three groups were compared among themselves. The results of experienced panelists suggested that group BS samples had superior appearance, taste, odor and texture and therefore expected to be more preferred by the potential consumers.