In this study, pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), which is usually produced for its seeds, was used for production of whole pumpkin powder directly incorporated into biscuit formation. Fiber, protein and ash content of pumpkin powder are determined 13.4%, 8.5% and 4.7% (dry basis), respectively. Pumpkin powder was added into the dough by means of displacement with the wheat flour at rates of 15%, 30% and 45% during biscuit production. Firmness, work of shear, stickiness and work of adhesion were examined after adding pumpkin flour to biscuit dough at different rates and an increase of firmness, work of shear, stickiness and work of adhesion were recorded as 58.9%, 72.4%, 52.1%, and 29.4%, respectively. A decrease of 24.8% in thickness and 22.7% in volume were observed as the amount of pumpkin flour increases. When the color values were examined, darker biscuits were obtained compared to the control biscuit. Approximately an increase of 232.6% in ash content in biscuits was observed. Biscuits adding pumpkin powder had 58.4% more moisture content than the control biscuit. While decrease of hardness and toughness were observed as 82.3% and 85.4%, respectively, a significantly change of brittleness value was not observed. Biscuits were evaluated in the sensory analysis in terms of crust color, inner color, homogeneity and size of pore, taste, odor, softness, and dissolve in the mouth and greasy feeling in the mouth. According to the results of sensory analysis, biscuits that 45% pumpkin powder was added was the highest rated. According to the study, positive effects were obtained in terms of nutritional properties and favorable results were also found in texture and color of biscuits that pumpkin powder was added. These findings were also supported by the results of sensory analysis.

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is an important mineral nutrient problem that restricts the crop yield especially that of the cereals grown in calcareous soils. This study was carried out with the aim of testing the sensitivity of various cereal species consisting of bread (BDME-10, Bezostaja), durum (Kızıltan Ç-1252) and rye (Aslım) to Zn deficiency. In experiments carried out under greenhouse conditions plants were grown at two different Zn doses (Zn 0 and Zn 5 mg kg-1). When the plants were 44 days old, Zn deficiency symptoms were observed and scored for the severity of Zn deficiency according to 1-5 scale and the plants were harvested. With respect to the severity of Zn deficiency symptoms, the most severe symptoms were observed in the C-1252 (1.0) and Bezostaja (2.0) varieties while the least mild symptoms were observed in varieties of Aslım (4.0) and Kızıltan (3.0). A distinctive increase in shoot dry matter yield has been realized with Zn application which was highest in Ç-1252 (78.8%) and BDME-10 (52.5%) varieties. Greatly differential responses have been seen to Zn deficiency among cereal species and varieties within the same species. Symptomatically and with respect to dry matter yield while durum wheat was affected severely from Zn deficiency, bread wheat was affected moderately and rye has been seen to be affected least. According to the severity of Zn deficiency symptoms and plant growth cereals which are the subject of experiment have shown a rank as as Ç1252> BDME-10> Kızıltan> Bezostaya> Aslım.

Günümüzde insan ömrünün en az %80’i kapalı mekanlarda geçmekte ve bu kapalı mekanlardaki iç ortam hava kalitesi insanların sağlıklarını ve performanslarını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Özellikle CO2 miktarı belirli seviyelerin üzerine çıktığında baş ağrısı, baş dönmesi, yorgunluk, konsantrasyon bozuklukları, boğaz ve burun tahrişi, burun akıntısı, öksürük ve göz akıntıları gibi pek çok rahatsızlığa sebep olmaktadır. İç ortamdaki CO2 miktarını etkileyen en önemli faktör canlı metabolik faaliyetleridir. Solunumla artan CO2 miktarı fotosentezle azalmaktadır. Dolayısıyla iç mekanlarda bitkiler CO2 miktarını azaltmak amacıyla kullanılabilir. Ancak bitkilerin iç ortamdaki hava kalitesine etkisi konusunda yeterli bilgi bulunmadığından, bitkiler iç ortamdaki CO2 miktarını azaltmak konusunda etkin ve bilinçli bir şekilde kullanılamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada iç mekan süs bitkisi olarak en sık kullanılan bitkilerden birisi olan difenbahyanın (Dieffenbachia amoena Gentil) iç ortamdaki CO2 miktarına etkisinin sıcaklığa bağlı olarak değişiminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda difenbahyanın karanlık ortamda yaptığı solunumun sıcaklığa bağlı olarak önemsiz düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ancak ışık bulunan ortamda en yüksek etkiyi 23-24℃ sıcaklıklarda gösterdiği, 30°C sıcaklıktaki fotosentez hızının, 20°C dekinden düşük ancak 15°C dekinden daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.

This study presented was carried out in Tokat province of Turkey and its districts. Viticulture made as an agricultural activity in this region has focused on grapevine cultivation in recent years. In this study; be aware of the status producers of agricultural insurance and the trend towards agricultural insurance, reasons for had or not having an agricultural insurance, natural disasters that create risks in vineyards and producers expectation were determined to identify. The main material of study are data were obtained from questionnaire study. In this study, 34 farmers with agricultural insurance and 59 farmes who do not have agricultural insurance producers in the field for a total of 93 questionnaires were realized through face to face. The obtained data were interpreted by interpreting the percentage distribution tables, average, maximum and minimum calculations. According to the results of the study, Narince grape cultivars have been reported as the most commonly cultivated variety in the region. It was determined that this natural disaster risks, respectively, of which the most important of hail and frost damage. Regional vineyards are in the high risk group in terms of the frequency of natural disaster encounter 54.52% of producers are aware of agricultural insurance, 32.25% of producers insect grape products in different years until today. Producers who do not have agricultural insurance are the most important reason for not paying insurance that they do not believe that the claims payments are made in a complete, fair and timely manner and difficulty paying premiums. If vine leaf is included in the insurance, 65% of the producers have been declare that they can substantially insure.

Niğde is one of the provinces in Turkey where potato production is carried out intensively. In this study it was aimed to examine the change in the potato production costs and profitability in Niğde province in 2000-2014 period. In Niğde the absolute profit obtained from the potato production was calculated as 355.6TL/da for 2014. Among the examined years, the year in which the highest absolute profit was 2005 with 450.8 TL/da and the lowest absolute profit was in 2012 with -329.7 TL/da. Gross production value can meet the production costs in all of the examined years except for 2012. However, with the increase in production costs, absolute and relative profits tended decrease.

Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from the freshwater of the Batlama Creek in Giresun, to measure their resistance levels against to antibiotics. A total of 9 antibiotics disc were applied for the resistance test. Antibiotic resistances of all isolates were at percentages for ampicillin (75%), erythromycin (64%), nalidixic acid (48%), tetracycline (39%), amikacin (34%), cefazolin and chloramphenicol (33%), cefuroxime (32%) and cefotaxime (23%), respectively. The highest resistant strain was resistant against to 9 antibiotics, while the weak resistance of 16 isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics. Moreover, Multiple antibiotic resistance index values were found to be higher than 0.2 for 77% of all isolates. High resistances of examined bacteria against to antibiotics indicated a dense and multisource pollution in the Batlama Creek. Consequently, a need for good surveillance programs to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in surface water bodies.

Heavy metal pollution is a significant environmental problem with negative potential impacts on agriculture and human health. In this study, calluses were obtained by using in vitro germinated hypocotyl explants of pepper seedlings and cell suspensions were prepared from these calluses. The effect of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution added in different concentrations and times to cell suspension cultures of pepper on total protein and total phenolic compound amounts, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activities were analysed. Total protein and total phenolic amounts, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activities were detected by spectrophotometric methods. When the effects of silver metal on pepper plant were examined, it was determined that silver metal reduced the total protein and phenolic content in the pepper plant cells and especially at higher concentration, in the first 24 hour period, antioxidant enzyme activities increased.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, altlık materyalinin kalitesi, çeşitleri ve bu materyalin etlik piliçlerin refah ve performansı üzerine etkilerini incelemektir. Etlik piliç yetiştiriciliğinde en uygun yetiştirme sistemi yerde yetiştiricilik olduğundan altlık materyali büyük önem kazanmaktadır. Etlik piliç üretiminde sağlanan gelişmeye bağlı olarak altlığa olan talep de artış göstermektedir. Altlık materyali olarak genelde saman, kaba odun yongası ve hızar talaşı yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bunlarla birlikte altlık materyali olarak buğday, arpa, çavdar, yulaf, ayçiçeği, çeltik, fındık, mısır, soya, fıstık, pamuk, şekerkamışı gibi malzemeler saf veya karıştırılarak kullanılmaktadır. Altlığın kalitesini altlığın nemi, pH'si, amonyum nitrat içeriği, kekleşme düzeyi ve su tutma kapasitesi belirlemektedir. İdeal altlığın nem oranı %20–25, pH değeri 8–10 arasında olmalı ve amonyak miktarı ise 25 ppm’i geçmemelidir. Altlık kalınlığı, altlığın türüne göre 2-10 cm arasında değişmekte, parça büyüklüğü de 0.6 cm’yi geçmemelidir. Altlık neminin artması pH düzeyini, NH3 konsantrasyonunu ve kekleşmeyi arttırır. Altlık materyalinin türü etlik piliçlerin performansı, refahı, sağlığı, davranışı ve ürün kalitesi üzerine etkili olmaktadır. Ayrıca bu materyallerin karkas kusurları, ayak-bacak problemleri, göğüste su toplanması, yaşama gücünde düşme, altlık nemi nedeniyle mikroorganizma gelişiminde artış, kümeslerde gaz ve toz oluşumunun artması gibi olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu olumsuz etkiler entansif işletmelerde büyük ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle etlik piliç yetiştiriciliğinde altlık materyalinin kalitesi ve çeşidi çok önemlidir.

There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of fuel type ( pure diesel, blending 10% of Jatropha oil with diesel (J10%), blending 14% of Jatropha oil with blending (J14%),blending 10% of ethanol with diesel (E10%), blending 14% of ethanol with diesel (E14%), blending 10% of Jatropha oil and 10% of ethanol with diesel (J10%, E10%) and blending 14% of Jatropha oil and 14% of ethanol with diesel (J14%, E14%)), on exhaust gases, engine speed, implement draft and power requirement and fuel consumption. The results showed that, Blending J14%, E14% recorded the highest rate of fuel consumption as 4.60 l/h compared with pure diesel which recorded 3.90 l/h. Pure diesel fuel recorded the lowest engine speed of 2174 rpm, while the fuel blends recorded engine speed in the range of 2529 – 2583 rpm. The fuel blend J14% recorded the lowest ppm of CO and of NO2.The J10%, E14% and J10% with E10% blending’s recorded the lowest SO2 as zero ppm. Pure diesel recorded the highest power requirement of 6.81 kW while J14% recorded the lowest power of 5.32 kW. Ethanol blending’s showed higher power than Jatropha blending by 19.7%. Statistical analysis showed that, the effect of fuel blending on draft and power, gases exhausted, engine speed and fuel consumption were not significant.