Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), based on the origin of Southeast Asia and Turkey, with a large growth area such as the Mediterranean and the Arab countries, is the most important plant belonging to family Lythraceae. Pomegranate peel and seed contain numerous and various bioflavonoid, which is indicated to be both antimicrobial and inhibitors of enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties of the pomegranate are related to phytochemicals such as delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, ellagic acid, punicalin, punicalagin, pedunculagin, and different glucosides, which involve anthocyanins. In this study, it was investigated that ethanol, methanol and distilled water extracts, obtained from Punica granatum L. antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria known as food pathogen by using disk diffusion method. Also, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values on seven different food borne pathogens were also determined. As a result of the research; pomegranate seed extracts obtained from methanol observed the highest antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a 29.02 mm zone diameter, while pomegranate peel extracts obtained from ethanol observed the highest antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus with a 26.84 mm zone diameter. The MIC and MBC value against Pseudomonas aeruginosa are determined 7.81 µg/L, while The MIC and MBC value against Bacillus cereus are determined 31.25 and 15.63 µg/L, respectively.

Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is used to determine dry and humid periods according to the cumulative probability method at different time scales. . In this study, the rainfall data between the years of 1980-2018 belonging to of Kayseri Meteorology Station was simulated by CLIGEN stochastic climatic data generator. SPI indices calculated by using observed and simulated precipitation were evaluated with the statistical methods at the time scales of 3-, 6-, 9- and 12- months. The SPI values of 3-, 6-, 9- and 12- month which are observed and simulated with CLIGEN are close to each other and the performance of the model is very high in calculating the SPI values of these time series. However, as the time period increased, the model's representative ability decreased.

2018 yılında yapılan bu çalışmada, Lup metodu kullanılarak Rize ili Güneysu ilçesine bağlı Handüzü yaylasının bazı vejetasyon özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada toprağı kaplama ve botanik kompozisyon oranları ve mera durum sınıfı incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda 4 buğdaygil, 4 baklagil ve 33 diğer familyadan bitkiler tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma alanının toprağı kaplama oranı %82,40, buğdaygillerin botanik kompozisyondaki oranı %33,37, baklagillerin oranı %5,75 ve diğer familyaların oranı da %60,88 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Mera da en yaygın bulunan ilk üç tür sırasıyla; Nardus stricta L. (%27,00), Carex atrata L. subsp. aterrima (Hoppe) Hartm. (%11,10) ve Polygala alpestris Rchb. (%8,50) olmuştur. Mera kalite derecesi %2,456 değeri ile meranın durumu zayıf olarak belirlenmiştir. Başta kontrollü otlatma ve üstten tohumlama olmak üzere diğer ıslah yöntemlerinin birlikte uygulanması sonucuna varılmıştır.

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that provide beneficial effects when consumed in sufficient quantities. Currently available probiotics are bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Bacillus. In recent years, yeast has presented great potential for the development of new probiotics. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii is the only yeast that has been recognized and characterized as probiotic until today. This raises the question of whether other yeast species have probiotic properties. Recent investigations show that some species with probiotic evidence are Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzeii, except S. cerevisiae. Most of the enzymes produced by the preserved yeast are involved in the metabolism of complex compounds in foods, thus forming the nutritional value and organoleptic properties of fermented foods. EFSA has given the QPS statue, the "food additive," only a few yeasts. In order to verify interesting properties, probiotic working of yeasts needs to be examined in more detail.

In this study, DPPH free radical activity, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of wild edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius Fr. collected from Antalya (Turkey) province were determined. Ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of C. cibarius mushroom were obtained using soxhlet apparatus. TAS, TOS and OSI values were determined by using Rel Assay kits. Free radical scavenging activity was determined using DPPH method. As a result of the studies, TAS value of the mushroom was found as 5.268±0.059 mmol/L, TOS value was 6.380±0.256 μmol/L and OSI value was 0.121±0.005. DPPH free radical activity was determined as EtOH extract 70.52±0.50, MeOH extract 64.34±1.54 and DCM extract 61.72±0.59 in 1 mg/mL extract concentration of mushroom. As a result, edible C. cibarius mushroom could be a natural antioxidant source.

The research was carried out in the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute-Hacı Ali location with 4 replications according to the randomized block trial design in 2013-2014. 13 public and 1 private sector maize variety were used as material in the trials. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the maize varieties examined showed statistically significant differences in plant properties, dry grass and silage quality. Average plant height, number of leaves, leaf ratio, stem diameter, number of cob, stem ratio, cob ratio and green grass yield were 249.9 cm, 12.97 plant/piece, 19.24%, 22.08 mm, 0.93 plant/unit, 38.40% and 4,251.57 kg/da respectively. According to the analysis, it was observed that the average crude protein content, ADF ratio, NDF ratio, crude ash content, digestible dry matter ratio, crude protein yield, dry matter rate, dry matter yield and hay yield were 8.80%, 34.91%, 59.7%, 7.2%, 61.7%, 993.9 kg/ha, 29.4%, 11,640 kg/ha 12,570 kg/ha in dry grass, respectively. For the silage of varieties, the average crude protein content, ADF ratio, NDF ratio, pH, digestible dry matter rate, dry matter ratio, crude protein yield and Fleig score were 8.22%, 29.27%, 50.48%, 3.57, 66.1%, 28.14%, 926 kg/ha and 118.35, respectively. Burak, Sasa 1 and Ada 334 genotypes performed better in terms of green yield per hectare (53,650, 50,290 and 45,630 kg/ha) and dry matter yield (14,710, 12,810 and 12,410 kg/ha). These varieties can be recommended to producers as silage maize varieties under second crop conditions in Çukurova region of Turkey.

In this study, Common Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and Anatolian Sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) seeds, which are important medicinal plants, were used as plant material. The seeds of the Salvia genus have dormancy as they have seed husks containing a mucilaginous layer. For this reason, in order to improve the germination and emergence performance of seeds and to increase the quality of seeds, nine pre-sowing treatments (KNO3 application, GA3 application, polymer coating, polymer coating + KNO3, polymer coating + GA3, priming, priming + polymer coating, priming + polymer coating + KNO3, priming + polymer coating + GA3) were applied to the seeds and the effect of applications on germination rate, emergency rate, germination speed and emergency speed were investigated.

In this study, it is aimed to obtain a new and functional product as a result of adding the remaining black carrot into powder form in different proportions (10, 20 and 30%). Biscuits without waste fermented carrot powder (WFCP) were taken as control group. When ascorbic acid, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity values of WFCP were examined, it was found 1032.75 mgAA / 1000g, 4254.92 mg GAE / kg dry weight and % inhibition 43.30, respectively. The textural properties of the biscuit dough with the addition of AFHT were investigated. Moreover, the effect of adding WFCP on colour values, water activity, moisture, ash, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and textural properties of biscuits were determined. With the addition of WFCP, L* and b* values were decreased and a* values were increased in biscuits compared to control sample. Water activity and ash values increased as WFCP rate increased in biscuits. Ascorbic acid, total phenolic and antioxidant activity (DPPH) values of biscuits added with WFCP (30%) increased by 4.89, 7.22 and 4.04 times, respectively, compared to the control group. The addition of WFCP also improved the textural properties of the biscuits, while the hardness value of control group was found to be 4175.87 g force, the highest hardness value was obtained as 6494.09 g force for 20% WFCP added biscuits. In sensory evaluation, the biscuits with the addition of 10% WFCP gained the highest likelihood with 5.6 in terms of general acceptability.

Because of its high nutritional value and pharmaceutical effects, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.) is collected from nature and cultivated in large scale. This therapeutic mushroom is consumed as a functional food or food additive in soups, cereal and dairy products, and commercially used in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. The mycochemicals including polysaccharides (crude fiber and β-glucans), essential amino acids, ergothioneine, peptides, (glyco)proteins, lectins, phenolic compounds, polyketides (lovastatin), (tri)terpenoids, and enzymes are naturally found in the fruiting bodies and mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus. The major bioactive compounds concentration of this mushroom may be increased by modification of the substrate composition and cultivation or postharvest conditions. The goal of this review is to evaluate the results of the studies about the biochemical composition and medicinal properties of edible wild and cultivated P. ostreatus. Furthermore, the advanced novel cultivation techniques, biotechnological processes, and postharvest treatments were given in order to increase its nutritional and nutraceutical values.

European Union (EU) uses The Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) to prepare candidate and potential candidate countries for EU membership. One of the five components of IPA is rural development (IPARD). IPARD funds provide financing to develop production standards of agricultural establishments for competing with other establishments in EU member states. For this purpose, in Turkey IPARD I programme was applied between 2007 and 2013 and IPARD II programme was prepared to apply from 2014 to 2020. The purpose of this study is comparing structural differences of IPARD I and IPARD II programme which are important tools to increase competitiveness of agricultural establishments in Turkey. The main material of the study was IPARD I and IPARD II programs. In the study, firstly, the support given within the scope of IPARD programs were presented as tables and graphs. Structural differences between the two programmes were examined under three headings; targets of programmes, budgets of programmes and eligibility criteria. In the result of this study, changes and the actual statue of this important financial tool was revealed. Most important changes were public aid rates and new supporting sectors. Regarding to the public aid rates, while the highest rate was 65% in IPARD I, it is 70% in IPARD II. Also an additional 10% can be given for investments in effluent storage and waste management for benefit of the environment in IPARD II. In IPARD II; egg production, mushroom cultivation, machinery parks and renewable energy plants sectors are added to supporting sectors.