In this research, the effects of different IBA (indole butyric acid) doses on the rooting of ‘Nero’ and ‘Viking’ aronia cultivars were investigated. Wood cuttings of these cultivars were used in the study. After the cuttings were disinfected, they were immersed in 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm IBA solutions and planted in perlite medium with three replications. The cuttings were kept in a rooting system heated from below for sixty days; callus rate (%), rooting rate (%), number of roots (number), root thickness (mm), root length (cm) were evaluated. In the study, the best callus formation rate in ‘Viking’ cultivar was 55.81% at 2000 ppm, the rooting rate was in the ‘Viking’ cultivar at 2500 ppm (73.11%), the best average root number was in the ‘Viking’ cultivar at 2500 ppm IBA application (1.93 units/stem), the best average root thickness was found in the ‘Viking’ at 2500 ppm (0.23 mm) and the best average root length was found in the ‘Viking’ at 2500 ppm (0.77 cm).

The grapevine is one of the most cultivated, healthy, delicious and refreshing fruit species in the world. The fact that grapes have many different usage methods increases the interest of producers in grapes. In addition, the large berry and showy grapes grown especially for table use also increase the interest of consumers. In our study, different cluster thinning applications were applied to the Samancı Çekirdeksizi grape variety. Thinning the clusters, unlike classical applications, aimed to shorten the cluster sizes by cutting 1/3 and 2/3 of the clusters and improving the berry characteristics. In this context, 1/3 and 2/3 of the tips and shoulders of the clusters were cut. As a result of different cluster thinning applications, cluster, berry and phenolic properties were examined. As a result of 1/3, SR (Shoulder removal) and 1/3 CTR (Cluster Tip Removal) applications, increases were determined in cluster weights. All applications caused increases in berry characteristics, SSC (Soluble Solids Content), maturity index, pH, berry detachment force, skin rupture force, phenolic content and antioxidant activity, while decreases were observed in TA (Titratable Acidity) values. It was concluded that 1/3 SR and 1/3 CTR applications can be applied for both yield and quality increase. In addition, it was seen that the berry size increase, which is an important parameter for table grape varieties, can be achieved by cutting a part of the cluster. In future studies to be conducted with table grape varieties, the idea that it would be more appropriate to cut a part of the cluster instead of cutting all the clusters came to the fore.

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, has emerged globally as a serious pathogen in wheat-producing regions. Historical evidence suggests that stripe rust prevalence in wheat existed before people began growing wheat as a staple crop. The disease is characterized by yellow-orange pustule stripes on leaves and other above-ground plant parts. Its high mutation ability and remarkable adaptation capacity cause significant losses in the host's biomass and overall grain yield. The disease can be effectively managed through multifaceted approaches, including the selection of resistant varieties, eradication of alternate hosts, optimal use of nitrogen, irrigation scheduling, and the deployment of various biocontrol agents such as Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces tauricus, and Pseudomonas putida. The application of the fungicides Picoxystrobin, Fluoxastrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole, Prothioconazole, and Metconazole + Pyraclostrobin has also proven effective in controlling stripe rust. Furthermore, the study aims to explore the application of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and disease forecasting models in addressing prediction and management challenges.

Niğde ilinde yoğun patates yetiştiriciliği yapılan 38 lokasyondan alınan Patates Kist Nematodu (PKN) popülasyonlarında moleküler teşhisi yapılmıştır. Altın Kist Nematodu olarak isimlendirilen Globodera rostochiensis 1959 ve Beyaz Kist Nematodu olarak isimlendirilen Globodera. pallida, ülkemizde ve dünya çapında patates yetiştiriciliğinde ciddi verim kayıplarına neden olan türlerdir. Türkiye’de ilk kez 1985 yılında Bolu ilinde tespit edilen G. rostochiensis, daha sonraki yıllarda Ege Bölgesinde patates üretimi yapılan tarlalarda da saptanmıştır. PCN'ye karşı en etkili kontrol stratejisi olan dayanıklı çeşit geliştirme çalışmalarında tür teşhisinin doğru ve hızlı olması çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada G. rostochiensis ve G. pallida moleküler teknikler kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu nematod türlerini hassas bir şekilde ayırt etmek için ITS5, PITSp4 ve PITSr3 primerleri kullanılmıştır. Tür teşhisi sonucunda tüm örnekler G. rostochiensis olarak tespit edilmiştir.

This study was conducted in the unheated glass greenhouses of Van Yuzuncu Yil University to evaluate the effects of liquid vermicompost (LWF) and cinnamon applications on the yield and associated parameters of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications and included six treatment groups: control (K), 1% LWF (LWF1), 2% LWF (LWF2), 3 g cinnamon (CIN3), and their combinations (LWF1+CIN3 and LWF2+CIN3). Plant height, stem diameter, root length, leaf number, radish size, and biomass values were measured and statistically analyzed. According to the results, the LWF2 treatment significantly increased plant height (20.27 cm) and total fresh weight (59.87 g) compared to the control. Cinnamon alone yielded the highest stem diameter (6.07 mm) and radish diameter (17.83 mm). Furthermore, it achieved the highest dry matter accumulation (15.10 g), representing a 5.4% increase relative to the control. Although the combined applications of LWF and cinnamon, particularly LWF2+CIN3, led to notable reductions in plant height (15,2%), fresh weight (37,3%), and dry weight (27.4%), this treatment also maximized the uptake of potassium, magnesium, iron, and calcium, while reducing sodium accumulation by approximately 21.3% compared to the control. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between plant height and fresh weight (r = 0.93), and between stem diameter and radish diameter (r = 0.90). The findings indicate that LWF alone promotes plant growth, whereas its combination with cinnamon may exert antagonistic interactions that suppress yield. These results suggest that organic inputs influence not only yield-related traits but also nutrient uptake dynamics, highlighting the need for further research into dosage and combination optimization.

In modern apple farming, dwarf apple rootstocks are crucial. They manage tree size, boost fruit quality, and help trees handle different climates. With climate change making conditions like drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures more severe, and with rising pest and disease issues, developing stress-resistant rootstocks is now a top priority. This review examines recent findings on how dwarf rootstocks, specifically the M.9, B.9, and Geneva series, cope with these challenges. Research shows they have remarkable resilience, thanks to improved water-use efficiency, better nutrient uptake, and clever hormonal regulation. Modern tools like genomics and gene editing are quickly helping us identify the genes responsible for this resilience. We're also discovering that beneficial microbes in the soil can partner with these rootstocks, which further improves their stress tolerance and overall soil health. The connection between the rootstock and the scion the apple variety grafted onto it is also crucial. Their interaction directly impacts on the tree's growth, how much fruit it produces, and its ability to withstand stress. This is why selecting the right combination is key to a successful orchard. Moreover, producing defensive compounds like tannins, phenolic acid and tannins associated with physiological resistance. Turns out into favorable conditions such as adjusting osmotic environment may lead to biochemical resistance. Furthermore, to limit the impact of stress, it is necessary to modernize and improve irrigation techniques, selection of resistant rootstock and cultivars, implement biotechnological tools. Combining these approaches can help crops thrive despite challenging conditions. In this review, we study the notable biotic and abiotic stress impacted apple tree along with available dwarfing rootstock and their resistance mechanisms. Moreover, address the challenges and problems in dwarfing rootstock in terms of adoptability and compatibility offering valuable insights to improve stress management in fruit growing.

Spring rice in Nepal often faces nitrogen shortages during peak crop demand, limiting yield potential. Azolla, a nitrogen-fixing aquatic fern, offers an eco-friendly alternative, but its effectiveness depends on inoculation and incorporation timing. A field experiment was conducted in Sapahi, Bara, Nepal (March–June, 2023) using a Randomized Complete Block Design with seven treatments and three replications. Plots measured 2 × 3 m (6 m²). Treatments comprised Azolla inoculated at 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 days after transplanting (DAT) with recommended P & K, a recommended NPK dose (RDF), and a control. Data on growth, yield, and yield components were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA in RStudio. Treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% significance level. RDF recorded the highest grain yield (4.25 t/ha) and effective tillers (302.67 m-2), significantly higher than all other treatments (p < 0.001; LSD = 0.050). The best Azolla treatment, 25 DAT + P & K (4.02 t/ha), outperformed later Azolla applications and the control (1.87 t/ha). T1 also achieved more effective tillers (259.67m-²), longer panicles (23.72 cm), and lower sterility (25.44%) than other Azolla timings (p < 0.001). Azolla application at 25 DAT with P & K improves yield and reduces reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, making it a sustainable option for spring rice production in Nepal.

Systemic fungicides are frequently used to manage soilborne diseases in vegetables but there application represents an environmental risk and negatively affects biological control agents such as Trichoderma. This research evaluated how several common fungicides including azoxystrobin+metalaxyl-M+fludioxonil (A+M+F), fludioxonil+metalaxyl-M (F+M), propamocarb hydrochloride+cymoxanil (P+C), captan (C), copper oxychloride (CO), and tolclofos-methyl (T) impact native Trichoderma species. Our results showed that Tolclofos-methyl inhibited mycelial growth of all Trichoderma species, showing a 63.5-68.7% reduction. It also severely hindered conidia germination (62.2-77.7%). Fludioxonil+metalaxyl-M was another strong inhibitor of conidia germination (64.4-77.7%). The azoxystrobin+metalaxyl-M+fludioxonil and captan also severely limited the conidia germination of T. harzianum Tr124, T. afroharzianum (Tr132 and Tr138), T. virens (Tvr2 and Tvr3). Copper oxychloride showed the least effect in inhibiting mycelial growth of native Trichoderma isolates (1.0-12.3%) and conidia germination (8.9-17.7%). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that fungicides commonly used in Türkiye to combat damping-off and root rot in vegetables can affect the Trichoderma population in agricultural areas. Future studies should focus on monitoring the population dynamics of biocontrol agents of insecticides and herbicides applied to soil in vegetable production.

The study was conducted to characterize the timing and duration of flowering events in different strawberry varieties and to assess the anatomical and morphological features of strawberry flowers focusing on key structures involved in reproduction. Six promising varieties named Linosa (V1), BARI 1 (V2), Sweet Charlie (V3), Sweetheart (V4), American Festival (V5) and RABI 3 (V6) having RCBD design were selected. Different parameters including flowers and fruits were recorded. The Sweet Charlie genotype, which was ever bearing in nature and gave production of flower from March to April, the Linosa, BARI 1, and RABI 3 genotypes produced flower approximately from February to May; the Sweetheart genotype produced from February to April and the American Festival genotype from February to March. The Linosa variety was shown to have good performance in terms of early flowering (42 days after planting), prolonged blooming, and flowering durations. 50% of BARI 1 variety showed the earliest flowering (78.2 days). Long pedicel (78.36 mm) with the highest epicalyx (7), calyx (7) and petal number (7), with largest calyx size (101.38 mm2) and androecium surface area (6.25 mm2) were found in V2 genotype. Other parameters like epicalyx size (201.41 mm2), androecium number (29) and receptacle diameter (7.83 mm2) were found highest in V1 genotype. In terms of fruit characteristics, BARI 1 produced the longest, widest and heaviest fruit (4.60 cm, 3.67 cm and 21.37 g respectively), while Sweet Charlie had the smallest fruit dimensions and weight. Vitamin C concentration also varied, with BARI 1 showing the highest concentration (13.49 mg 100 g-1). In terms of total yield plant-1, Linosa emerged as the most productive variety. It is concluded that, based on the floral biology traits, fruit growth and environmental factors two varieties (Linosa and RABI 3) might be suitable for cultivation at Sylhet region of Bangladesh.

Nutritional changes of olive pomace during solid-state fermentation by Lactobacillus acidophilus with different fermentation times and enzyme supplementation were investigated in this study. A 3 x 2 factorial design was performed to investigate the effect of fermentation time (3, 5, and 7 days) and enzyme supplementation (with or without) with five replicates in each group. Before fermentation, olive pomace was ground to a 1 mm particle size and sterilized after mixing with distilled water at 121 °C for 15 min. The enzyme mixture (phytase, xylanase, and beta-glucanase) sterilized by UV lights was added to half of the fermentation medium. The olive pomace was inoculated with L. acidophilus and incubated at 30 °C for 3, 5, and 7 days. Solid-state fermentation using L. acidophilus increased (P<0.001) the crude protein and crude fiber content, decreased (P=0.007) the ether extract content, and had no influence (P=0.094) on the ash content of olive pomace. The highest crude protein content was observed (P<0.001) in fermented olive pomace for 3 days with enzyme and for 5 days without enzyme supplementation. Fermented olive pomace for 7 days without enzymes had the lowest (P<0.001) crude fiber content. The highest ether extract level was found (P=0.001) in fermented olive pomace for 3 days with or without enzyme. Enzyme supplementation caused (P=0.001) higher ash level in fermented olive pomace. Besides, a linear increase was observed (P=0.024) in ash content with increased fermentation time. The highest ash level in fermented olive pomace was found (P=0.048) at 7 days of fermentation. The result showed that L. acidophilus improved the nutritional composition of olive pomace in solid-state fermentation. Considering the highest crude protein content and relatively lower crude fiber and higher ether extract content, 3 days of fermentation with enzyme is the most effective fermentation conditions with L. acidophilus for olive pomace.