The aim of this study was to investigate food safety knowledge levels according to the socio-demographic profiles of young food handlers and to find out the determinants of the knowledge level. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Türkiye; it consisted of sections including hygienic design, freezing and thawing, preparation, cooking and reheating, service, storage, and foodborne diseases sections. The food safety knowledge level differed according to gender, age, income, grade level, and intership status. Participants who coded 60% of the survey statements correctly were considered to have “good” food safety knowledge. Knowledge about cooking and reheating, foodborne diseases, and service was found to be at a poor level, but food safety knowledge (overall) was good (68%). The correct score ratio was found to be the highest for hygienic design. Binary logistic regression presented that gender, income, grade level, and internship status significantly affected knowledge level. The strongest predictors were found to be income of $638-$850 (exp (β)=12.9) and more than $850 (exp (β)=4.6), respectively. This study highlights that female students under the age of 25 with an income of more than $638, who have not yet completed an internship, have the highest level of food safety knowledge. This study presented a holistic approach to the food safety knowledge of young food handlers. These insights can contribute to the development of hygiene/sanitation and food safety course content for culinary and gastronomy students.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) inoculation into triticale silage on fermentation, quality, feed value, and aerobic stability. This study used three doses of LP bacteria strains (MF098786 strain) isolated from homemade pickles as inoculants. As LP dose, 1×106, 1×108 and 1×109 cfu/mL levels were used. The LP inoculation was applied by spraying onto by using a sterile injector at 1 mL per 1 kg material. The prepared silages were incubated for 60 d. The treatment groups in the study consisted of triticale control (TC), 1×106 (LP6T), 1×108 (LP8T) and 1×109 cfu/kg DM (LP9T) LP inoculated triticale. The LP inoculation of triticale silage improved silage fermentation, chemical and microbiological properties, silage quality, and feed value, and aerobic stability of the product, regardless of dose application. This application did not change the silage's organic matter, ash, and hemicellulose contents but decreased the crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents. While there was no significant change in color parameters in all silages, a decrease in the ultimate pH value, and improvement in Flieg score and RFV were detected. The LP inoculation into triticale silage increased the number of lactic acid bacteria and decreased the number of yeast in the silages. This application improved the total digestible nutrient and energy values of LP9T silage compared with other silages. When LP doses were evaluated within themselves, it was determined that all doses gave almost similar results in terms of the parameters studied. However, when the data obtained from the research are evaluated as a whole, LP inoculation at the level of 1×109 cfu/mL can be recommended to triticale silage, because of the positive effects of silage on total digestible nutrient, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, and net energy contents.

Proper nitrogen (N) management is vital for gaining potential yield benefits of a variety. Adjusting transplanting time enables the plant taking benefit from natural conditions favorable for its growth. In light of these, an investigation was carried out in the Boro season at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University from November 2022 to April 2023 to investigate the impact of various transplanting dates and N levels on the yield of Nizershail rice. The study involved four dates of transplanting viz. 16 December, 31 December, 15 January, 30 January and four nitrogen (N) levels viz. 0, 50, 100 and 150% of the recommended dose (RD) of N from urea where the recommended dose was 90 kg urea per ha. The trial was replicated thrice using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results showed that the tallest plant, the uppermost grains/panicle and 1000 grains weight were detected in 16 December transplanting and the maximum grain yield was observed in 31 December transplanting. For N, total tillers and effective tillers/hill, grains/panicle, the highest grain and straw yields were found from 100% RD of N and the highest panicle length and sterile spikelets/panicle were found from 150% RD of N. In interactions, the maximum effective tillers/ hill and straw yield were observed from 100% RD of N in combination with 15 January transplanting. The maximum 1000 grains weight and the grain yield were obtained from 100% RD of N in combination with 16 December transplanting. From the result, it may be assumed that to get the maximum yield of Nizershail rice in Boro season could be transplanted between 16 December to 15 January with 100% RD of N from urea.

The aim of study is to reveal the factors affecting the knowledge sources used by melon farmers in Hatay province, and their attitudes towards input use. In addition, the research also investigated farmers’ attitudes towards plant protection knowledge and support policies. In the study was surveyed with melon farmers. The data were obtained through face to face interviews during the period of Summer-2022. In the study, factor analysis was used to determine farmers’ the factors affecting the knowledge sources. Factors affecting the knowledge sources used by farmers were determined as two-way and one-way communication. The factors affecting the sources that farmers depend on in dose adjustment were determined as internal and external factors. Besides, farmers think that the knowledge sources should be understandable and accessible. On the other hand, farmers think that the sources they depend on should be accurate and reliable. In melon cultivation, chemicals are used excessively to combat diseases and pests. Also, farmers stated that if precautions are not taken while spraying, poisoning may occur. Moreover, it is thought that empty pesticide containers should be destroyed and excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides may harm products and the environment. Furthermore, farmers claimed that support policies for melon production were not sufficient. As a result, it has been understood that melon farmers have a good level of education and are conscious individuals. However, it is thought that the training and extension activities will help farmers increase their income and environmental awareness.

Bu çalışma, takviye olarak kullanılan probiyotik preparatların etikette belirtildiği gibi içerdiği bakterilerin canlılık ve seviyelerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla farklımarkalara ait Lactobacillus ve Bifidobacterium türlerini içeren toplam 15 farklı preparat temin edildi. Örnekler Lactobacillus ve Bifidobacterium türlerini yönünden mikrobiyolojik ekime tabii tutuldu. Yapılan mikrobiyolojik analiz sonucunda örneklerin 13’ünde (%87) canlı bakteri saptanırken 2 örnekte (%13) üreme olmadığı gözlemlendi. Lactobacillus spp. içeren probiyotik preparatlarda bakteri sayısı ortalama 5,9×1010 kob/g; Bifidobacterium spp. içeren probiyotik preparatlarda ise bakteri sayısının ortalama 1,3×109 kob/g olduğu görüldü. Gram boyama, katalaz testivekarbonhidrat fermentasyon testi yapılan suşların Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) analiziile doğrulamaları yapıldı. PZR analizi sonucunda, 13 örnekte Lactobacillus ve Bifidobacterium türleri tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak tüketime sunulan hazır probiyotik preparatlarda belirtilen suşların varlığı, canlılığı ve miktarı oldukça önemlidir. Etikette yazılan bilgilerin doğruluk payının %87 olduğu yaptığımız çalışmamızda görüldü.

Araştırma Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü arazisinde, ‘Tokat-1’ Mürver genotipine uygulanan kontrol, PGPR bakterileri ve solucan gübresinin bitkisel özelliklerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Uygulamalara göre, yazlık sürgün sayıları yaklaşık 14-20 adet/bitki olarak bulunmuş ve uygulamalar arasında istatistiki bir fark olmamıştır. Sürgün boyu en uzun, kontrol uygulamasından 89,39 cm, PGPR uygulamasına 86,48 cm ve solucan gübresi 77,03 cm olarak ölçülmüş ve uygulamalar arasındaki farklılık önemli bulunmuştur. Ağaç taç hacmi ortalaması 1,52-2,43 m3 olarak ölçülmüş ve en yüksek değer kontrol ve PGPR uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Bitki gövde çapı ve yaprak alanı, uygulamalara göre değişmemiştir. Bitki kök sayısı (46-80 adet/bitki), kök çapı (7,88-10,45 mm) ve kök toplam kuru madde ağırlığına (%28,79-31,63) uygulamaların etkisi benzer bulunmuştur.

Klasik Hünkâri güvercini, Türkiye’nin en önemli süs ve sergi güvercini ırklarından biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Hünkâri ırkını tanıtmak ve morfolojik özelliklerini incelemektir. 100 bireyde vücut uzunluğu, gaga uzunluğu, kanat açıklığı, tarsus, orta parmak uzunluğu, göğüs genişliği, kuyruk uzunluğu ölçülmüş, canlı ağırlık belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyetler arasındaki morfometrik farkların istatistiksel analizi için, ölçüm verilerine Bağımsız Örnekler t sınaması kapsamında Varyansların Eşitliği İçin Levene F sınaması ve Ortalamaların Eşitliği İçin Student t sınaması uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca Hünkâri yetiştiricileri ile yapılan görüşmelerde bu kuşlarda aranan morfolojik özelliklere ilişkin notlar alınmıştır. Klasik Hünkâri güvercinleri, küçük yapılı güvercin ırklarındandır. Dişi ve erkek Hünkâri bireylerinin gagalarının uzunluk ölçümleri dışındaki ölçülen niceliklerinin varyanslarında istatistiksel açıdan önemli bir fark belirlenmemiştir. Öte yandan vücut uzunluğu, kanat açıklığı, göğüs genişliği, kuyruk (telek) uzunluğu ve ergin canlı ağırlıklarının ortalamaları bakımından dişilerin değerleri erkeklere göre istatistiksel açıdan daha düşüktür (P≤0,05). Hünkârinin başının arkasındaki iğne tepesi ve orta boyla kısa arası gagası, göğsündeki gösterişli gül (fırfır) ve oldukça gür paçalı ayakları, tipik özelliklerindendir. Uluslararası literatürde beyaz gövdeye kanat ve kuyruk işlemeli olanlar satinette olarak bilinir; gövde işlemelilerine ise blondinette denir. Hünkâri güvercinleri hem tarihsel ve kültürel önemleri hem de günümüzde güvercin hobisini yapan kişileri renk, desen ve tipleri ile adeta büyülemeleri nedeniyle ve gelecek kuşakların da bu hayvanlardan hobi amaçlı olarak yararlanabilmeleri için korunup yaşatılmalıdır.

Yapılan bu çalışmada ısıl işleme alternatif termosonikasyon (TS) yöntemi ile taze elma suyu farklı genlik (%60, 80, 100), sıcaklık (40, 50, 60 ve 70°C) ve sürelerde (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ve 30 dakika) pastörize edilmiştir. Bu yöntemin elma suyunda bulunan polifenoloksidaz (PPO) ile peroksidaz (POD) ile fenolik bileşiklere etkisi araştırılmıştır. Fenolik bileşikler HPLC ve FTIR spektroskopisi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. İnaktivasyon sonuçlarına bakıldığında elma suyunda %100 genlikte, 70°C sıcaklıkta 15 dakika işlem sonunda PPO enziminin %99’u inaktif olurken, aynı koşullarda POD enziminin %94,5’i inaktif olmuştur. %80 genlik, 60°C sıcaklık ve 15 dakika toplam fenolik madde ve antioksidan aktivitenin en iyi korunduğu işlem parametreleri olarak belirlenmiştir. HPLC ile belirlenen fenolik bileşikler; kateşin, epikateşin, klorojenik asit, kafeik asit ve kamferoldur. FTIR spektrumlarına bakıldığında fenolik bileşiklerde önemli bir değişiklik olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda HPLC ve FTIR ile belirlenen fenolik bileşiklerin benzer olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Termosonikasyon elma sularının işlenmesinde enzimlerin inaktivasyonu ve biyoaktif bileşiklerin korunmasında umut verici bir yöntem olarak önerilebilmektedir.

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a growth regulator that widely used in horticulture and in the tomato seedling growth to compact the shoots, increase the stem diameter and, root biomass, allowing more tolerance of the seedlings against adverse weather conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the rates of paclobutrazol (0, 4, 7, 10 and 13 mg L-1) applied 15 days after sowing by foliar spray on the growth, chemical composition and xylem vessel number of tomato seedlings cultivated in two periods. The PBZ regardless of the application rate reduced the height of tomato seedlings in both growth periods. The basal stem diameter and leaf area were increased with 13 mg L-1 of PBZ. The lignin percentage also increased with 10 and 13 mg L-1 of PBZ as compared to control for both periods. The number of xylem vessel was not affected by PBZ application on the seedlings in the first period. PBZ application at rates of 7 and 10 mg L-1 increased the xylem vessel number in the second period. In general, the application of 13 mg L-1 of PBZ generated seedling more robust to overcome climate adversities.

There is an increasing trend for development of alternatives to deliver probiotics with non-dairy products. Fruit juices have become one of main food products for delivery of probiotics. The availability of different fruit juice types, their fresh and healthy perception from the consumer's side and demand for plant-based products increase attention to fortification of fruit juices with probiotics. Yet, development of probiotic fruit juices is still an emerging area for the functional food concept. Probiotic juices can be developed by using both probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and their viability can be strain specific as well dependent on the utilized fruits. The transformation of the fruit components can play roles for the improvement of the potential health promoting functions of fruit juices which should be well-characterized. The insufficient viability of probiotic strains during shelf-life of fruit juices is one of the main challenges and efficient and relatively cheap encapsulation techniques should be developed to ensure their viability. In this study, recent achievements and developments to produce probiotic fruit juices have been summarized. Also, potential role of probiotic fortification for the health promoting functions of fruit juices related to probiotic metabolism has been discussed. Finally, strategies to increase the viability of distinct probiotics have been discussed.