The hybrid seeds obtained by crossing in wheats should be heavier and a greater number of grains per combination because of more variation and to created powerful plants for next year generations. Therefore, this study was conducted during the winter growing season of 2005-2006 in Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute in Eskişehir and to determine the hybrid seeds of single cross and three-way cross compared to each other for 10-grains weight (TGW) and grain number per combination (GC) in separately bread wheat and durum wheat. 224 F1s for single cross and 326 F1s for three-way cross in bread wheat and 56 F1s for single cross and 66 F1s for three-way cross in durum wheat were produced. According to results, GC and TGW in bread wheats were higher values than durum wheats both in single cross and three-way cross. The GC values in three-way cross had higher variation (68.9%) compared the others. The separately mean of GC and TGW of hybrids in single cross both in bread and durum wheat were lower than the means of hybrids in three-way cross (with ratios of 32% and 16.7%, respectively). In brief: three-way cross had more performance for studied traits in wheat hybrids compared to single cross. The reason of such an outcome can be demonstrated in the future by genetic studies.

Ülkemize özgü geleneksel fermente bitkisel ürünlerimizden biri olan şalgam suyu üretimi ile ilgili standart bir teknik ve kullanılan sıcaklık bulunmamaktadır. Bununla beraber Adana, İçel, Hatay gibi illerimizde oldukça popüler olan şalgam suyu üretiminde genellikle endüstriyel boyutta geleneksel yöntem adı verilen bir yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, şalgam suyu üretiminde geleneksel yöntem kullanılarak farklı sıcaklığın mikrobiyal flora üzerine etkisine bakılmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle hamur fermantasyonu gerçekleştirilerek ekstrakt elde edilmiş ve ardından diğer hammaddeler ile karıştırılarak havuç fermantasyonu farklı sıcaklıklarda (10°C, 22°C ve 35°C) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemelerde fermantasyon sırasında ortamda bulunan laktik asit bakterileri (LAB), toplam mezofil aerob bakteri (TMAB), koliform bakteri (KB) ve toplam maya (TM) sayıları belirlenmiştir. Fermantasyonun başlamasıyla beraber LAB, TMAB ve TM sayılarında artış ve KB sayısında bir azalma gözlenmiştir. İlave olarak farklı sıcaklık uygulaması, havuç fermantasyonunun süresi üzerinde de önemli derecede etkiye neden olmuştur. Sıcaklık arttıkça fermantasyon süresi kısalmıştır.

In this study, thermal inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis inoculated to the cake dough and a whole raw chicken was investigated. The cake dough was inoculated with 6.15 log-cfu/g S. Enteritidis then, thermal treatment was applied at 160°C top-bottom fan cooking mode. The initial count of S. Enteritidis showed reductions 1.49 log-cfu/g, 2.06 log-cfu/g and 4.29 log-cfu/g in the samples from the cold point location from the geometric center of the cake at 5, 7 and 10 minutes of thermal treatment, respectively. Although S. Enteritidis is not detected at the end of 15 minutes of heat treatment, the center of the cake temperature has reached 85.69°C and the cake sample is uncooked and its sensory properties are not acceptable. The cake that is safe and favorable with the sensory properties to the consumers was obtained by heat treatment for 30 minutes. After the cold point of a whole raw chicken was inoculated with 7.29 log-cfu/g S. Enteritidis, thermal treatment was applied at 220°C top-bottom fan cooking mode. The temperature at the cold point of 35 and 45 minutes heat-treated chickens reached 59.33 and 74.08°C, respectively, and 1.93 log-cfu/g and 5.33 log-cfu /g S. Enteritidis reduction caused in the samples respectively. S. Enteritidis cells were not detected in the whole chicken heat treated at 220°C for 60 minutes. The cakes, heat treated at 160°C top-bottom fan cooking mode for 30 minutes, were stored at two different storage temperatures as 4°C and 25°C for 72 hours. The whole chicken, heat treated at 220°C top-bottom fan cooking mode for 60 minutes, was stored at 4°C for 72 hours. S. Enteritidis cells were not detected in the cake and the whole chicken samples after the storage period.

Bu çalışma, 2016 yılında on farklı bezelye genotipinin (Pisum elatius L.(erkenci ve doğal vejetasyon kökenli), Utrillo, Bolero, Reyna, Nihal, Jof, Karina, Pisum elatius L.(doğal vejetasyon kökenli), Senador, Pisum sativum L. (doğal vejetasyon kökenli)) fenolojik özellikleri, verim ve verim bileşenlerini karşılaştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak Bayburt üniversitesi Aydıntepe Meslek Yüksekokulu deneme alanında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada bitki boyu, gövde kalınlığı, dal sayısı, ilk bakla yüksekliği, bakla boyu, bakla eni, bitkide bakla sayısı, baklada tane sayısı, 1000 tane ağırlığı ve tane verimi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre en düşük tane verimi değeri 61 kg/da ile doğal vejetasyondan toplanan Pisum elatius L.’populasyonundan alınırken, en yüksek verim değeri ise 138 kg/da ile Reyna çeşidinden elde edilmiştir.

Knowing the current and the potential production amount of wheat is essential to meet the growing needs. Yield is determined by many factors. The main factors that limit the potential yield are genetic characteristics, and climatic factors such as rainfall and radiation, and management. Wheat is mostly grown in non-irrigated areas in Turkey. The most significant factors that limit dry agriculture wheat production yield in the Mediterranean climatic type are rainfall and its distribution in the growing season. A steady increase in yield is observed in Turkey in recent years. Average annual wheat production is 20.6 million tons. The potential production in this work is determined as 54 million tons. The gap is about 33 million ton. The actual production is 39% of the potential production. The average yield of the Growing Season Rainfall (GSRF) 500 mm areas is 2.2 t ha-1, and the potential yield is 8.8 t ha-1. The gap between the actual yield and potential yield is quite large. The current yield between the areas (GSRF 500 mm) is very small. So it is difficult to explain the gap just because of the rainfall.

Gıda proseslerinde transglutaminaz (TG) enziminin kullanımı çapraz bağlanma reaksiyonları aracılığı ile proteinlerin fonksiyonel özelliklerinde önemli değişimler meydana getirmektedir. TG enzimi bu değişimleri, açil transfer reaksiyonlarını katalizleyerek proteinler, peptidler, çeşitli primer aminler arasında kovalent çapraz bağlar oluşturarak gerçekleştirmektedir. Hayvansal ve mikrobiyal kaynaklar (Streptomyces sp.) transglutaminaz enziminin ticari olarak üretiminde kullanılabilmektedir. Hayvansal kaynaklı TG enziminin kalsiyum iyonlarına ihtiyaç duyması ve üretiminin daha maliyetli olması sebebi ile mikrobiyal kaynaklı TG enzimi gıda ve diğer endüstrilerde kullanım açısından öncelik kazanmaktadır. Mikrobiyal TG (mTG) enzimi ve üretiminin artırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar, son derece dinamik bir araştırma alanı olup sürekli gelişim göstermektedir. Son yıllarda farklı fermantasyon stratejileri ve rekombinant DNA teknikleri kullanılarak üretim prosesleri yeniden optimize edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Mikrobiyal TG enzim üretiminde temel olarak substrat optimizasyonu, metabolik optimizasyon ve fermantasyon şartlarının kontrolü (pH, çözünmüş oksijen, sıcaklık, karıştırma ve havalandırma hızı, vb.) gibi bazı klasik stratejiler üzerinde oldukça yoğun ve farklı çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Diğer taraftan sınırlı sayıda yapılan bazı çalışmalarda mTG üretiminin arttırılmasına yönelik yeni bir strateji olarak mikrobiyal stres faktörlerinin (ani sıcaklık ve pH değişimi, bazı tuz ve alkollerin varlığı, vb.) etkisi de incelenmeye ve çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derlemede birçok alanda giderek kullanımı artan mTG enzim üretiminin daha verimli ve düşük maliyetli gerçekleşebilmesi için, enzim biyosentezinin arttırılmasına yönelik bazı stratejiler üzerinde durulmuştur.

An experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Bangladesh during the rabi season (December to May), 2012-13 to study the effect of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and development of hybrid maize (Denali). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete block Design with three replications with 30 plots. Ten fertilizer treatments (T1= Compost, T2= Cow dung, T3= Poultry manure, T4= Recommended fertilizer dose, T5= Compost + Half recommended fertilizer dose, T6= Compost + Full recommended fertilizer dose, T7= Cow dung + Half recommended fertilizer dose, T8= Cow dung + Full recommended fertilizer dose, T9= Poultry manure + Half recommended fertilizer dose, T10= Poultry manure + Full recommended fertilizer dose. The recommended fertilizer dose was 500 Kg ha-1 urea + 250 Kg ha-1 TSP + 200 Kg ha-1 MP + 15 Kg ha-1 ZnSO4 + 6 Kg ha-1 Boric Acid. And the rate of Compost, Cow dung and Poultry manure was 10t/ha. The effect of different manure and fertilizer doses on the yield and yield attributes were significant. The plant height, number of leaves per plant, weight of stem per plant, weight of leaves per plant, length of cob, grain weight per cob, diameter of cob, no. of grains per row, no. of total grains per cob, 1000-grain weight, yield plant-1, yield ha-1 were significantly affected by different manures and fertilizer uses with different doses. The treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 gave grain yield 10.16, 9.09, 8.49, 14.34, 13.35, 18.12, 11.99, 17.09, 11.40 and 15.98 t ha-1, respectively. The T6 Treatment gave higher grain yield (18.12) t ha-1 and the T3 treatment performed lowest grain yield (8.49 t ha-1). The application of compost and full dose fertilizer is higher yielding. Balance nutrition with enough organic matter enrichment of the soil is the cause of this result.

In this study, the effects of re-cutting, wounding and disbudding over the base of dormant rootstock cuttings on the grafting success, final take and grapevine sapling quality in grafted grapevine sapling production were investigated. Five different treatments were experimented in this study as of T-1 (in which the base of the rootstock was cut and two distal buds from the base were disbud (standard application); T-2 (in which the base of the rootstock was not cut but two distal buds were disbud); T-3 (in which only the base of the rootstock was cut); T-4 (in which the base of the rootstock was cut and three buds were disbud) and T-5 (in which the base of the rootstock was crashed with a hammer and two distal buds were disbud). Scions of Royal cultivar were grafted on 5BB,1613 Couderc and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks by omega grafting machine. Grafted cuttings were planted and grown in plastic pots in a greenhouse. The callusing development and rooting performance of grafted cuttings, the final take of the first grade of the sapling and sapling itself, final take of potted grafted saplings, fresh and dry matter weight of shoot and root were evaluated. The existence of bud on base of rootstock and re-cutting of the base affected graft success positively. Re-cutting of 140 Ru rootstock of the base positively affected callusing and root development. Graft success ratios ranged from 71% (140 Ru, T-3) to 100% (1613C, T-2). Total final take ratios varied between 25% (140 Ru, T-3) and 90% (5BB, T-3) and the final take of the first grade ranged from 2.5% (140 Ru, T-2) to 37% (1613C, T-2,3,4). The existence of bud on the base portion of rootstock had a positive effect on final take and sapling quality parameters. As a result, existence of bud on the base of rootstock positively affected the graft success, shoot and root quality. Re-cutting of the base of the 140 Ru had a positive effect on graft success and final take ratios. In order to reduce the labour costs, there is no need to cut the base portion of 1613 C and 5BB rootstocks.

The present study aimed to determine antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia multicaulis Vahl plant collected in Gaziantep province, Turkey. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined with modified agar dilution method. The findings demonstrated that S. multicaulis had high antioxidant activity. However, it is recommended to avoid excessive consumption of the plant due to high OSI. It was also determined that plant extracts possessed antimicrobial potential. As a result, it was determined that the plant can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial resource.

Unio tigridis has an importance for the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystem of the Turkey. However, there is no available literature in the world on the growth of this species yet. The aim of this study, therefore, was to describe the age, growth and mortality of this species living in Lake Gölbaşı from Hatay providence, Turkey. A total 428 of specimen were collected using by divers with hand dredges in depth of 1 to 6 meters based on annual sampling strategy from June- 2004 to May- 2005. Lengths and weighs of sample were ranged as 2.1 to 9.2 cm (6.79 ± 1.52) and 1.1 to 73.05 g (34.18 ± 15.56), respectively. Weight-Length relationship of all specimens was described as W=0.193L2.63 (R2=0.94). Thus, a negative allometric growth was detected in the sampled population. The age of each individual was determined by counting the external shall annuli-growth interruption lines. The sampled population was composed of 18 age classes. Specimen belong to age class 7 was the most presented with 20.33 percent in the population. The rate of male to female (m:f) was 0.91:1. Seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth model (SVBGM) was used to describe the growth. From these results, it was shown that seasonality in growth does not occur in this lake for this species (L∞ = 8.80 cm (Shell Length), K = 0.271 year-1, t0 = -0.161 year, C = 0.014, ts = 0.100 year with RSS = 23.22). The total mortality rate (Z ± Se) was calculated as 0.401 ± 0.015 year-1 with R-square = 0.99 (CL of Z with 95 % = 0.361 - 0.440 year-1). Although, there is no fishing, no pollution and no predation risk on this species yet, due to growth characteristic, high K and low L∞, this type of species are vulnerable to extinction.