The study’s main purpose is to to determine the price levels in the market and their willingness to accept higher prices of organic farming enterprises. For this purpose, enterprises engaged in organic farming activities in Konya were interviewed. A total of 883 organic farming enterprises in Konya grow 123 kinds of organic products, and as the products change, the organic structures of agricultural products change and their marketing channels, strategies and price formations also differ. In this context, 219 surveys were conducted in 13 product groups classified by TURKSTAT. In line with the data obtained as a result of the survey, the social, economic, production and marketing characteristics of the organic farming enterprises and the effects of the marketing structures of organic products on their willingness to accept prices were investigated using the Willingness to Accept (WTA) method, which is one of the conditional valuation methods. Furthermore, the marginal effects of each factor were determined by constructing the equation of the ordinal probit regression to be used to estimate the function of the WTA curve. As a result, suggestions have been developed for optimal price formation in the organic agriculture sector, where the marginal benefit is at the forefront, due to the high level of healthy life and environmental awareness, as well as marginal income, unlike traditional agricultural enterprises.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Lam.) is a well-known, extensively grown and consumed crop, world-wide. Pumpkins are natural and rich source of potential bioactive compounds. The presence of active phytochemicals makes these fruits a great matrix to be further exploited for therapeutic purposes, beyond biotechnological applications. Peel, flesh and seeds of this fruit are heavily loaded with phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids, which are the main tributes of this functional and medicinal food. Present study was designed to utilize these parts of pumpkin in the form of powders, at 0, 5, 10 and 15% replacement levels with white flour, to develop biscuits and to obtain methanolic extracts of these biscuits to determine their phytochemical parameters. Among the different treatment biscuits, highest amount of total phenolics (101.79 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (60.74 mg CE/ 100 g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (38.00 mg AAE/100 g) was found in biscuits with 15% replacement of pumpkin seeds powder, while biscuits with 15% replacement of pumpkin flesh powder exhibited highest amount of total carotenoid contents (6.95 mg/ 100 g) and β carotene (2.86 mg/100 g). Functional biscuits developed from replacement of pumpkin parts powders with wheat flour may be offered to patients facing oxidative stress, degenerative diseases and diabetes. These biscuits can be offered to children for better growth and development. Consumers awareness through proper marketing at commercial level with proper labelling of nutritional facts, may lead to increased demand of this functional and medicinal food rich in bio actives.

Peanut allergens adversely affect the health and quality of life of millions of consumers worldwide. The seeds of the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) contain a number of allergens that trigger the production of specific IgE antibodies in allergy-prone individuals. Currently, 18 proteins found in peanuts are accepted as allergens. These allergens are named from Ara h 1 to Ara h 18. Ara h 2, Ara h 6 and Ara h 7 are from albumin, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 are from globülin. Ara h is the abbreviation of Arachis hypogaea, the Latin name for peanut. A peanut allergy is a reaction that occurs shortly after eating to peanuts or peanut products. It has various symptoms that can go up to swelling of the tongue, itching of the palate, itching and burning in the throat, itching in the eyes and nose, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, bruising, chest pain, hives, low blood pressure and shock. In this review, the properties of peanut allergens and the methods of reducing the allergen effect will be reviewed.

Crop and animal production constitute a large part of the people's livelihoods in Bayburt province. In addition, the province has become one of the important animal husbandry centers of the region due to the fact that it is a transit point between the Eastern Anatolia region and the Black Sea region. But the number of small farms in Bayburt province is still very large, and the number of farms that are members of grower organizations is quite small. In addition, the migration of the young population from villages leads to an increase in the average age of the population engaged in animal husbandry and a decrease in the number of animals that can be raised depending on the labor force. In this review, the general status of cattle and small ruminants livestock in Bayburt province was given and the level of livestock in Bayburt province was revealed with current data.

This research was conducted to compare single and twin-row planting patterns and to determine optimum plant density for hybrid maize varieties (DKC5364, P0573), grown in Western Blacksee conditions of Türkiye, in the main crop growing season in 2020. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Hybrid maize varieties were in the main plots, planting patterns (single row (70 cm) and twin row (70-20cm) were in the split plots and plant densities of 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 plants/m2 were in the split- split plots. In the current study, plant height, first ear height, stem diameter, ears number per plant, ear length, ear diameter, and ear weigth were examined. Effects of varieties, planting patterns and plant densities on plant heights, first ear heights, ears numbers per plants and ear weigths were statistically significant. Higher values were observed at DKC5364 maize variety than P0573 variety for examined characteristics. The most suitable plant densities were determined as 11 plants/m2 for grain production and 12 plants/m2 for silage production in twin row plantig in Western Blacksee conditions of Türkiye

Bu araştırma, süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde yem tüketimi ve yem dönüşüm oranının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan veriler Hatay ilinde 141 adet süt sığırcılığı işletmesinden derlenmiştir. İşletmelerde ortalama yem bitkileri üretim alanı 18,13 da olup, yem bitkileri ekim alanlarının bitkisel üretim deseni içindeki payı %31,07 olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen işletmelerde ortalama büyükbaş hayvan varlığı 11,02 baş, sağmal inek sayısı ise 4,87 baş olup, sağmal inek başına süt verim değeri 5.619 lt/baş, süt geliri ise 2.811 ABD$/baş olarak hesaplanmıştır. İşletmelerinde bir süt ineğinin bir laktasyon döneminde kaba yem tüketimi 3.139,67 kg, tüketilen yemin parasal değeri ise 371,61 ABD$, kesif yem ve kırma yem tüketimi 2.958,90 kg, tüketilen yemin parasal değeri ise 1.118,57 ABD$ olarak tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen işletmeler genelinde toplam masraf tutarı yaklaşık olarak 1,9 milyon ABD$ olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Toplam masraf içinde değişen masrafların payı %64,26 olup, sabit masrafların payı %35,74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yem masraflarının değişen masraflar içindeki payı ise %80,56’dır. Yapılan araştırma bir laktasyon döneminde sağmal ineklere verilen 1 kg kesif ve kırma yem tüketimine karşılık elde edilen süt miktarının 1,90 lt olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. İşletmeler ortalaması dikkate alındığında; 100 ABD$ yem tüketimi karşılığında süt sığırcılığının brüt üretim değeri için 236,02 ABD$, süt geliri için de 195,72 ABD$ olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada işletme büyüklük grupları arasında süt verimi ile kaba yem ve dane yem tüketim miktarı bakımından istatistiki yönden bir farklılıklar bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yürütülen araştırma; incelenen işletmelerde hayvan başına daha yüksek süt verimi ve gelirine ulaşabilmek için özellikle işletmelerin yem ihtiyacını kendi işletmelerinden sağlamaları gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Structures of agricultural holdings have been changing rapidly in rural areas. While smallholders have been decreasing in number, the number of large farms has been increasing. Youth has been rapidly moving away from agriculture. The agricultural sector has faced an aging problem. The involvement of youth and smallholders in agricultural production is extremely important for food supply security. This study aimed to observe the structural change of agricultural holdings based on the Farmer Registration System (FRS) data. The answers to the following questions were sought. Has the numerical and proportional distribution of enterprises changed according to their size? Has youth been moving away from agriculture? FRS records between 2003-2020 were used in the study. Agricultural holdings were grouped according to their size and the age of farmers. Results were summarized in tables and graphics. There was a decrease in the number and rate of farmers under the age of 40, and a proportional increase in the number of farmers over 65. While the number of agricultural holdings larger than 500 increased 2.5 times, the number and rate of small farms decreased. Migration from the districts and villages in the study area has been observed at rates ranging from 22% to 59% in 20 years. Special measures should be taken for youth and small farms to survive in the agricultural sector. Tools such as tax exemption and social security support can be used. Integrated rural development approaches, including basic services such as education and health, are indispensable for the population to be permanent in rural areas.

E. coli and Salmonella spp. are responsible for causing colibacillosis and salmonellosis in chickens respectively. This research work was undertaken to study the prevalence of colibacillosis and salmonellosis in commercial chickens of Chattogram, and to know the antibiogram profiles of the isolated bacteria. A well-structured questionnaire was used to know the prevalence of colibacillosis and salmonellosis. Previously collected liver and heart samples through postmortem of a total of 100 dead and sick chickens were used. MacConkey agar, EMB agar, and XLD agar were used to isolate, and identify E. coli and Salmonella spp. Finally, Gram’s staining and different biochemical tests were performed to identify these two bacterial isolates. 14 different commercially available antimicrobial discs like ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, colistin sulphate, neomycin, cefoxitin, amoxycillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, norfloxacin, azithromycin, doxycycline, cloxacillin, and erythromycin were used. Data were analyzed with p-value by using Graph Pad Software. 48 samples were recorded as positive for E. coli and 5 for Salmonella spp. The prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. were varied depending on different parameters like age, bird rearing system, farm size, source of water, source of food, medication and vaccination. Form antibiogram study it was revealed that E. coli was highly sensitive to colistin sulphate and ciprofloxacin; intermediate to gentamicin followed by cefoxitin and resistant to other 10 antimicrobials. In case of Salmonella spp., it was recorded as sensitive to colistin sulphate, and cefoxitin; intermediate to ciprofloxacin, and resistant to other 11 antimicrobials. The findings of this research work would certainly help the poultry farmers to select proper antibiotics against colibacillosis and salmonellosis in chickens of Bangladesh and to overcome the multi-drug resistant problem of the bacteria.

Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae) ve Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) Anadolu’da doğal olarak büyüyen bitki türlerindendir. Her iki bitkinin meyveleri antosiyaninler, fenolikler ve vitaminler bakımından zengin olup; şurup, meyve suları, reçel ve marmelat gibi çeşitli geleneksel ürünlerin üretilmesinde kullanılmaktadır. C. mas ve R. canina’nın yaş ve kurutulmuş meyvelerinden elde edilen ekstraktların, bazı biyoaktif içeriklerinin yanı sıra antimikrobiyal aktivitesi araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca C. mas ve R. canina yaş ve kuru meyve ekstraktlarının GC-MS analizi sonucunda, farklı sayıda yağ asidi belirlenmiştir. Her iki türün ekstraktlarındaki başlıca yağ asitleri, palmitik, oleik ve linoleik asitin değişen oranlarıyla tespit edilmiştir. Biyoaktif madde içerikleri ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteler, ekstraksiyon metoduna göre farklılık göstermiş ve kuru meyvelerden elde edilen metanolik ekstraktlar; yaş meyvelerden suyla elde edilen ekstraktlara göre daha iyi sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur. Bitki örneklerinin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi 8 bakteri ve 1 maya üzerinde oyuk agar metoduna göre test edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre her iki bitki örneği de B.subtilis ve MRSA hariç tüm test mikroorganizmaları üzerine değişen oranlarda inhibisyon göstermiştir.

The main source of seed filling results from the photosynthesis of the green tissue closest to the seed sinks in the capitula. To evaluate the role of different leaf strata and capitula in seed yield and its components of Safflower genotypes, a field study was performed as a factorial experiment based on RCBD in 3 replicates in East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2008. The used factors in this experiment were: two Safflower genotypes including (Mahalli Esfahan and Goldasht) and defoliation in five levels: defoliation of plants in lower 1/3, middle 1/3, upper 1/3 of the stem, capitulum covered with aluminum paper and control (without defoliation). The results showed that defoliation did not affect plant height and number of pods. But, there was a highly significant difference between strata in terms of number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seeds weight, oil percentage and oil yield. The interaction of genotype×strata treatments in seeds yield and harvest index was significant. Among the defoliation treatment levels in both genotypes, the highest decrease in the seed yield compared to the control were observed in the upper 1/3 defoliation levels, whereas the lowest decrease was observed in the lower 1/3 defoliation level. The rate of seed yield reduction in Mahalli Esfahan was higher than Goldasht. The change in Goldasht seed yield was mostly due to changes in the number of seeds per plant and the number of seeds in the head. In addition, net photosynthesis, strata leaf area, and photosynthesis contribution of the upper strata compared to the lower ones were higher, and removal of the upper strata had the highest effect on seed yield through the reduction in the total photosynthesis of the whole plant. Also, covering the capitulum caused a significant decrease in the seed yield. So, head photosynthesis has a major contribution to Safflower seed yield.