Lentil crop has largely been affected by global climate changing, particularly, due to rainfall and temperature changing and variability. Hence, the experiment was conducted in Central Highlands of Ethiopia, namely Akaki, Chefe Donsa and Bishoftu Agricultural Research Centre, in the 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons to assess the genotypic variation of lentil for growth and yield performances. Five lentil genotypes viz. 87S-93549 X EL-103-16, 87S-93549 X EL-103-9-1, Alemaya X FLIP 88-41L-02-AK-14, Alemaya X FLIP 88-41L-02-AK-6 were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications at all locations. The result of study revealed that the genotype 87S-93549 X EL-103-9-1 produced the highest seed yield of 1985.90 and 2500.00 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons, respectively, at Akaki. On the other hand, the genotype Alemaya X FLIP 88-41L-02-AK-14 gave the highest seed yield (4189.1 kg ha-1) at Chefe Donsa in 2009 cropping season. The genotype X FLIP 88-41L-02-AK-14 was found to be the earliest in physiological maturity, accounting 128.75 days, and the genotype 87S-93549 X EL-103-9-1 had yield advantage of 27.6% over the local check at Chefe Donsa in the 2010 cropping season. Generally, all lentil genotypes were performed better at Chefe Donsa, followed by at Akaki and Bishoftu locations during both cropping seasons. Rainfall and temperature conditions have enormous influences on the growth and yields performances of lentil genotypes at all research locations. The study inspires other studies to be conducted on other factors than climate events thwarting the production of lentil crops in the study areas.

In this study, the effects of Anatolian Black pine [(Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] plantation on hydro-physical soil properties and soil loss were investigated. This study was carried out on the afforestation field of Anatolian Black Pine in the Gölbaşı district of Ankara province, which is included in the arid and semi-arid regions. Totally 48 soil sample in two soil depth level (0-20cm, 20-50cm) were collected from forest (36 soil sample) and barren (control) area (12 soil sample). Hydro-physically important soil properties were analysed [Sand (%), Silt (%), Clay (%), Organic Matter (%), pH, Field Capacity (%), Wilting Point (%), Saturation (%), Available Water Holding Capacity (cm/cm) Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (cm/hr), Bulk Density (gr/cm3)]. And soil loss in a unit area by using ABAG (Allgemeine Boden Abtrags Gleichung) model was estimated. Soil properties and soil loss amount relations among the land use group were determined. Topsoil (0-20cm) and subsoil (20-50cm) properties except subsoil organic matter were significantly affected by land use group. Finally, Significant changes were found for annual soil loss amounts in a unit area. Avarage annual soil loss in planted area was found approximately 5.5 times less than barren area at 0-50 cm soil depth. Vegetation factor (C) which is one of the most important components of the soil loss equation, has been significantly affected by afforestation in a short period of 40 years and thus it was a variable to reduce to soil loss.

One-year investigation is carried out aimed at evaluating all incomes and costs with a specific focus on the impact of feeding factors in 12 Holstein dairy farms (in total 284 cows) in Kosovo. The cost of on-farm produced feeds; the price of purchased feeds and the price of milk were used for the analysis. All costs created during this period are duly registered and considered in the analysis. Economic analysis showed that prices of on-farm produced feed were much lower (30 €/ton for silages and for hay). Average daily feed cost was 2.33 €/cow/day, while milk income was only 4.9 €/d. Individual feed groups contributed to total milk cost as follows: silages with 0.04 €/kg, dry roughages with 0.02 €/kg, and concentrates with 0.10 €/kg, while all other factors taken 0.13 €/kg of milk price. This study showed that feed was the largest farm expense making 68% of total farm costs.

Edible wild mushrooms are becoming more and more important in our diet for their nutritional and pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to gather information about edible wild mushroom species existed in mycobiota of Vezirköprü district of Samsun province that are economically important and are collected from nature by the villagers and sold in the local markets. The mushroom samples were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic features. The information, obtained on the collecting time, local names and habitats of the mushrooms was inquired from the sellers, consumers and traders. Cantharellus cibarius, Morchella spp. and Boletus edulis species are not only sold in the Vezirköprü market but also exported. Amanita caesarea, Cantharellus ferruginascens, Craterellus cornucopioides, Clitocybe geotropa, Hydnum repandum, H. rufescens, Lactarius deliciosus, L. semisanguifluus, L. vellereus, L. vinosus, Macrolepiota procera, Ramaria spp., Russula delica and Tricholoma terreum are species of mushrooms with high edible quality and economical importance.

The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the intensity of use of improved bread wheat package adoption in the study area. Two kebeles was selected randomly among the potentially wheat producing kebeles in each selected districts and a total of 120 randomly selected households were interviewed for this study. Tobit model was used to elucidate factors affecting adoption of technology packages. Result of the econometric model indicated, male headship (sex), TLU and multiple production objective orientation were important variables which had positively and significantly influenced adoption and intensity of adoption of improved bread wheat production package. Whereas, age of the household, increased annual off-non farm income, increased areas of own farm land, being far apart from the farmer training center and residences had shown negative relationship with adoption and intensity of adoption. The overall finding of the study underlined the high importance of institutional support such as extension; credit and market to enhance adoption of improved wheat production package. Therefore, policy and development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale farmers.

Modern agricultural applications contain various biologic physical and chemical process steps to maximize the durability and fertility of the products. Because of the apprehensions that come out as a result of increase in usage of chemical input in these processes, some alternative concepts have been come to exist for modern agricultural applications. Even these approaches match with traditional applications, they differ by their some outstanding features. By the help of industrial devolution in 18TH century, the increasing popularity and global warming caused the people to notice the ecologic deformation on the earth and accordingly saving the ecology and the earth became one of the main topics of current issues. The biodynamic agriculture system is founded in 1924 by Rudolf Steiner (philosopher) and E. Pfeiffer (agronomist) and built on an anthropologic theory that based on human-nature-universe concept. Biodynamic agriculture is familiar with organic agriculture. Mainly both of them are originated by oppositional perspective on using chemical input (manure, pesticide, herbicide, hormone e.g.). The main dissimilitude of biodynamic agriculture with organic apart from philosophical and historical aspects is, using the biodynamic preparations includes some minerals or specific herbs those are fermented with animal organs. In this review study, the differences between organic and biodynamic agriculture are analysed by emphasizing the main advantages of biodynamic agriculture.

Yumurtacı tavuk rasyonlarına farklı seviyelerde Bor (orthoborik asit) ilavesinin bazı önemli yumurta sarısı parametreleri üzerine etkisini tespit etmek amacıyla yürütülen çalışmada, 62 haftalık 288 adet Lohman yumurtacı ticari hibrit 12 hafta boyunca 0, 50, 75 ve 150 mg/kg seviyelerde B içeren dört farklı rasyonla yemlenmişlerdir. Araştırma 18 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüş ve her bir tekerrürde 4 adet tavuk bulundurulmuştur. Araştırma boyunca 16 saat aydınlatma programı uygulanmış, yem ve su ad-libitum olarak verilmiştir. Yumurta sarısı lipid bileşenlerinden polarlipid, hidrokarbon+kolesterol esteri ve serbest yağ asidi oranları muameleden etkilenmemiştir. Toplam lipid içerisindeki triaçilgliserol oranı azalırken; total kolesterol, diaçilgliserol oranları ve yumurta sarısı lipid peroksidasyon düzeyleri artmıştır. Rasyona Bor (B) ilavesi yumurta sarısı protein profilinde, farklı moleküler ağırlıktaki proteinleri farklı seviyelerde etkilemiştir. Sonuç olarak, yumurtlamanın son döneminde bulunan tavukların rasyonlarına değişik miktarlarda B ilavesi yumurta sarısı lipid bileşimi ve protein miktarı ile lipid peroksidasyonunu önemli derecede etkilemiştir. Sonuç olarak, yumurtacı tavuk rasyonlarına farklı seviyelerde B ilavesinin bazı yumurta sarısı parametreleri üzerine etkisini açıklığa kavuşturmak için gelecekte konu ile ilgili daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerektiği kanaatine varılmıştır.

Ülkemize özgü geleneksel fermente bitkisel ürünlerimizden biri olan şalgam suyu üretimi ile ilgili standart bir teknik ve kullanılan sıcaklık bulunmamaktadır. Bununla beraber Adana, İçel, Hatay gibi illerimizde oldukça popüler olan şalgam suyu üretiminde genellikle endüstriyel boyutta geleneksel yöntem adı verilen bir yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, şalgam suyu üretiminde geleneksel yöntem kullanılarak farklı sıcaklığın mikrobiyal flora üzerine etkisine bakılmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle hamur fermantasyonu gerçekleştirilerek ekstrakt elde edilmiş ve ardından diğer hammaddeler ile karıştırılarak havuç fermantasyonu farklı sıcaklıklarda (10°C, 22°C ve 35°C) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemelerde fermantasyon sırasında ortamda bulunan laktik asit bakterileri (LAB), toplam mezofil aerob bakteri (TMAB), koliform bakteri (KB) ve toplam maya (TM) sayıları belirlenmiştir. Fermantasyonun başlamasıyla beraber LAB, TMAB ve TM sayılarında artış ve KB sayısında bir azalma gözlenmiştir. İlave olarak farklı sıcaklık uygulaması, havuç fermantasyonunun süresi üzerinde de önemli derecede etkiye neden olmuştur. Sıcaklık arttıkça fermantasyon süresi kısalmıştır.

Antalya ilinin otbiçen faunası 2005-2009 yılları arasında ilkbahar, yaz ve sonbahar aylarında bölgenin vejetasyon tipleri, habitatı, rakımı ve denize olan uzaklığı gibi faktörler dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada 538 dişi, 186 erkek ve 46’si nimf olmak üzere toplam 770 adet otbiçen incelenmiştir. Ergin bireylere ait örneklerin sistematik ve biyoekolojik yönden değerlendirilmesi sonucu, 5 familya içinde 19 otbiçen türü tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırmada Leibunum albigenum türü Türkiye otbiçen faunası için yeni kayıttır.

The study was carried out between May 2014 and April 2015 with the aim of determining the anionic detergent pollution and some physico-chemical properties PH, temperature, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), chemical oxygen demand (COD), PO4-3-P, total nitrogen (TN)] of the Sırakaraağaçlar creek in Sinop. According to the results of one year measurement, it was established that the minimum and maximum values of the anionic detergent concentration vary between 0.02 and 0.98 mg/l, respectively. The results were classified according to Turkey’s Water Quality Management Regulation criteria (2008 and 2016). Sırakaraağaç creek water has been determined high quality water and slightly dirty water (class I and II) acording to the pH, temperature and phosphorus concentrations. It was found to be high quality water in terms of total nitrogen and COD parameters. Additionally, creek water is equivalent to polluted water (class II and III) according to anionic detergent concentration and DO values. High anionic detergent and low oxygen content can pose a hazard to sensitive aquatic organisms. Thus, the creek is especially under pressure in terms of anionic detergent and DO. Results of this study showed that the sources of pollution threatening the creek may be primarily the environmental factors that include human and agricultural activities.