The aim of the study is to present a review about the "Wooden Breast Syndrome" (WBS) syndrome, which is a muscle disorder that has become increasingly important in recent years, and the etiology of the abnormalities caused by this myopathy, and its histological, macroscopic, and microscopic features. Besides, the effects on the visual, sensory, functional, mechanical quality and processing properties of the breast meat of broilers and their negative effects on the poultry industry were also discussed. Since this myopathy gives a hard structure to the pectolaris major muscle, it is called "Wooden Breast" in public. It is assumed that the leading direct and indirect causes of WB syndrome in broilers are pectoral muscle hypertrophy (volume increase in muscle cells), rapid growth rate, and high breast meat yield. Also, age, gender, diet, feed restriction, oxidative stress, genetics, etc. factors are also thought to be effective. However, the etiology of WB syndrome is still unclear in many aspects. As a result of the macroscopic examination of the wooden breast meat, a striking stiffness, swelling, viscous exudate (inflammatory fluid), petechial (purple-red bleeding spots) fluid, and a pale appearance in the pectoral major muscles are observed, and the lesions that occur can be detected by palpation. Due to these visual and sensory defects in breast meat, the consumability of meat decreases and this leads to significant economic losses for the poultry industry.

Kuru kaymak, geleneksel kaymağın tandırda ve/veya gölgede kurutulması ile üretilen bir süt ürünüdür. Bu çalışmada, Erzurum ve Nevşehir piyasalarından toplanan Kuru kaymak örneklerinde (10 adet) bazı fiziksel, kimyasal, tekstürel, mikrobiyolojik ve duyusal özelliklerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca örneklerin görüntüleri, OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) görüntü işleme kütüphanesi ve C++ dili kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Kuru kaymak örneklerinde laktik asit (%) değerinin %0,46-1,21 aralığında ve pH değerinin 6,19-6,83 aralığında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Örneklerin ortalama kurumadde, yağ ve kül içerikleri sırasıyla %71,44, %42,25 ve %2,70 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan renk ölçümleri ile ortalama L* değerinin 77,42, a* değerinin 2,13 ve b* değerinin 17,44 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kuru kaymak örneklerinin ortalama sertlik değerinin 1761,37 N, esneklik değerinin 4,30, iç yapışkanlık değerinin 0,64, sakızımsılık değerinin 689,41 N, çiğnenebilirlik değerinin 1212,00 N ve elastikiyet değerinin 0,60 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Görüntü işleme analizi sonucuna göre örneklerin gözeneklilik durumu %12,27-29,84 aralığında değişmektedir. Mikrobiyolojik değerlendirme sonucunda örneklerde ortalama 3,94 log kob/g maya-küf ve 3,97 log kob/g koliform grubu bakterilerin bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca 4 örnekte Escherichia coli tespit edilmiştir. Görünüş, yapı ve koku parametreleri örneklerde sırasıyla ortalama 5,77, 5,75 ve 5,49 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, birbirinden farklı özelliklerde Kuru kaymak örneklerinin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Unutulmak üzere olan bu geleneksel süt ürününün özelliklerinin optimize edilmesi, standart ve hijyenik koşullarda üretilmesinin gerekli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Tarım sahalarının çevresinde, sulama amaçlı yapılan göllerin rezervuar alanlarında biriken ağır metallerin kökeninin belirlenmesi ve toksik etkisinin anlaşılmasında, veri analizinin yapılması önemlidir. Çalışmanın amacı, Akkaya Gölü rezervuar sahasındaki toprakların kimyasal içeriklerinde çok değişkenli istatistik analizler kullanılarak Akkaya Gölü rezervuar sahasında tespit edilen ağır metallerin kendi arasındaki davranışlarını bunlar arasındaki ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi ve bu metallerin olası kökeninin açıklanması şeklindedir. Kimyasal analiz içeriklerinin bollukları Mg > Al > Fe > S > Ti > Zn > V > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co > Mo > Sn > Cd > Hg olarak sıralanmıştır. Fe ile Mg, Si, K, Co, V, Cu, As, Ni, Zn ve Pb arasında yüksek pozitif korelasyon bulunur. Faktör analizine göre toplam varyans 72.080 (% kümülatif) olup, 3 (üç) faktöre ayrılmıştır. Hiyerarşik kümeleme analizine göre 3 grup ve elementlerin kümeleme analizine göre 4 grup oluşmuştur. Bu grupların kendi aralarında benzer özellik sundukları anlaşılmıştır. Çok değişkenli istatistik analizleri bu çalışma için başarılı olmuştur.

Consumption of vegetables, having a significant place in nutrition of humankind, is increasing day by day as their health-improving effects have been better understood nowadays. For such vegetables, certain criteria such as organic production, season production, regional production etc. are taken into consideration. The objective of this study is to research about existence of Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. in the locally-grown vegetables offered in local bazaars. Parsley, lettuce, spinach, turnip, carrot, chard, Brussels sprouts and radish produced in the province of Giresun were used in the study. Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. analyses were carried out in line with International Organization for Standardization quality standards. Among 89 vegetable samples analyses, Salmonella spp. and B. cereus were not detected in all and 5 of the samples respectively (

The aquaculture industry in the Middle East (ME) is still relatively new compared to other parts of the world, making this region highly dependent on other countries for the production of food and feed needs. Aquaculture activities in the world at current is mainly focused in China; this may be propelled by its own internal demand for seafood as determined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Challenges faced in the ME has not been elucidated so far and the issues arising might be unique only to this region due to aquaculture being in the initial stages coupled with water access and limitations, climate and geography, in addition to pollution. This review paper will present and discuss global needs for seafood focusing later on the needs in the ME, followed by a discourse into the importance, types and challenges of aquaculture in the ME. Baseline knowledge and infrastructure to enhance knowledge is a pressing need at this stage of infancy. It is hope this sector will continue to develop, and with the support of stakeholders, aquaculture in the ME will achieve a state of independence.

Mushrooms contain a variety of secondary metabolites, including various phenolic compounds, which have been shown to act as excellent antioxidants. In this study, the contents of total phenolic, flavonoids and tannins of mushrooms methanolic extracts were evaluated by colorimetric assays to ranges of 277.36±0.66 to 420.86±0.90 mg (GAE)/100g DW; 31.99±0.90 to 90.90±0.07mg (QE)/100g DW and 150.61±0.16 to 220.47±1.01mg (TAE)/100g DW respectively. HPLC-profiles of methanolic extracts indicated that the individual phenolic compounds found to the samples of the species of mushrooms that are Lentinus squarrosulus and Auricularia politrich revealed us that gallic acid, catechin, acid ρ-hydroxybenzoїc, acid ellagique and naringerin were presented to the level of the two species. With respect to organic acids, the results showed that citric acid and fumaric acid was the major organic acid in all the samples of both mushrooms species. The methanolic extracts of the two mushrooms exhibited the high DPPH radical scavenging activities ranging from 34.10±1.12 to 58.95±0.52%. These data indicated that these mushrooms could constitute a potential good source of natural antioxidant for the local population.

In this study, testicular and ovarian structures of economically important edible Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) were histologically examined before and after reproduction in male and female individuals. Fourty eight (24 ♀, 24 ♂) adult frogs were collected from Gölbaşı Lake in Hatay. The average weight and length values of female frogs collected from nature were found to be 56.61±19.59 g and 79.54±7.07 mm; while, the average weight and length values of male frogs were 36.63±12.84 g and 69.29±9.15 mm, respectively. Frogs were brought to the frog farm established in Aydıncık and placed in breeding ponds with a width of 1m2. Frogs in the ponds were brought to the laboratory of Iskenderun Technical University in different periods, before breeding (March) and after breeding (June). Then, histological samples were taken from ovary and testis. The female frogs were determined ready for reproduction. Moreover, a large number of mature oocytes in the before breeding ovaries in vitellogenic stage, while after reproduction oocytes in primary structure and oocytes which have atresia status observed. Also, increase in the thickness of the theca layer was determined. In the male frog seminiferous tubules containing a large number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid and a small number of spermatozoons including sperm bundles and leydig cells were found before reproduction. After the reproduciton, the density of spermatogonia, spermatocyte and spermatids were decreased; while, the density of spermatozoon and sperm bundle were increased in the seminiferous tubules. This study will contribute to the determination of mating and spawning in frog breeding by revealing the histological status of the gonad structure of P. ridibundus in the breeding process.

In this study, beta-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic residues were investigated in cattle liver, kidney and muscle samples. For this purpose, a total of 75 bovine tissue samples (each of 25 from liver, kidney, muscle) taken from 25 cattle slaughtered in a local slaughterhouse in Sivas were used as materials. ELISA method was applied in the analysis and it was studied with commercial test kits. According to the results of the analysis; beta-lactam and tetracycline residues were detected in all bovine tissue samples. Beta-lactam level was determined between 0.75-1.07 ppb (mean 0.94 ± 0.01) in liver samples, 0.67-1.05 ppb (mean 0.81 ± 0.01) in kidney samples and 0.70-2.57 ppb (mean 0.97 ± 0.07) in muscle samples. Tetracycline level was detected in the range of 4.48-8.50 ppb (mean 6.14 ± 0.17) in liver samples, 1.73-6.39 ppb (mean 4.90 ± 0.24) in kidney samples and 3.31-7.45 ppb (mean 5.67 ± 0.25) in muscle samples. The residue levels determined in the examples complied with the legal limits reported in the European Commission and the Turkish Food Codex Communiqué.

Talinum triangulare is an herbaceous succulent plant eaten as a vegetable throughout the tropics including many countries in West and Central Africa and are an essential ingredient in traditional dishes. Experiments were made on the plant to examine the influence of foraging behavior of flowering insect on pollination and yields of this plant species in 2018 and 2019 at Bafut. Observations were made on 1615 to 4055 flowers per treatment. The treatments included unlimited floral access by visitors and bagged flowers to deny all visits. The study focused on the foraging behavior of flowering insects and their pollination activity (fruiting rate). The results show that 14 insect species visited waterleaf flowers and Camponotus flavomarginatus was the most frequent (33.20%). Insects foraged throughout the day light period. Their activity was highest between 10 am and 12 pm. Insect species foraged the flowers for pollen and nectar. The fructification rate of unrestricted floral access was significantly high than that of protected flowers to deny all visits. The maintenance of insect nest close to T. triangulare field is recommended to improve it fruits production.