This study was conducted to determine the water-sediment quality and trophic status changes of Cernek Lake located in the Kızılırmak Delta (one of the most important wetlands in Turkey) and protected as a Ramsar site. The main objective, was evaluated and examined the effects on trophic level of surface water that the layers of lake sediments can create. In the study, the periodic exchange on trophic level have been evaluated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by identifying existing water of lake and sediment quality of lake. Spatial analysis was realized for water and sediment quality parameters (pH, salinity, Secchi disc depth and chlorophyll-a, total phosphate and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations). The results of field studies conducted at Cernek Lake for three seasons (2010-2011) showed that the sediments contain high phosphate (annual average 541 mg / kg PO4-P, dry weight) and high organic carbon content (annual average 22.4 G / kg TOC, Dry weight). During the summer, Carlson Index values relatively declined during this period compared to autumn (81 to 79), but the eutrophic structure of the lake is still found to be high character. Findings, showed that the contaminated lake sediment layer would be highly effective in trophic level of the lake therefore it has revealed the necessity of taking measures for eutrophication. According to the results of study, taking the medium and long term measures to eutrophication and implementation of the strategic action plan is required.

Collected blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) from freshwater sites throughout Tokat province and its outlying areas were isolated in laboratory environment and their morphological systematics were determined and also their species identifications were studied by molecular methods. Seven different species of blue-green algae collected from seven different sites were isolated by purifying in cultures in laboratory environment. DNA extractions were made from isolated cells and extracted DNAs were amplified by using PCR. Cyanobacteria specific primers were used to amplify 16S rRNA and phycocyanine gene regions using PCR. Phylogenetic identification of species were conducted by evaluation of obtained sequence analysis data by using computer software. According to species identification by sequence analysis, it was seen that molecular data supports morphological systematics.

This study was carried out to investigate the structure of dairy farms such as demographic information, management practises, production values, marketing of milk and milk products in Diyarbakır province. In the study, face to face interviews were realized with the 192 dairy farms having 25 and more cattle including 17 district. According to the data collected, dairy enterprises in the region consisted of family based enterprises (90%), cooperative enterprises (7%) and private dairy farms (3%). Cattle breeds distribution in enterprises consist of 12% native breeds, 25% cross- breeds and 63% pure breeds. In dairy enterprises, distribution of cattle was found as 59.7 % of cow, 11.8 % of heifer, 26.1 % of calf, and 2.4 % of bull. The average number of cattle and milking cow per farm were found as 46.7 and 27.8 heads respectively. The type of dairy barns was determined as tie-stall (89%), semi-open (8%) and free-stall (%3) in the cattle enterprises. The average size of land 56% of dairy farm was found under the 50 decares. The 92% of the dairy enterprises declared that the income from dairy was insufficient and 86% were not satisfied as well. The 23% of the farms are used the artificial insemination only. In the herd, 71% of cows were milked by hand and 29% by milking machine. It was found that only 6% of farms sold their milk to dairy factories. This research is important in terms of providing an important data base relating to dairy farming in Diyarbakir province

This study was conducted to investigate the potential use of diatomite (a natural pozzolana) and pumice in plasters and mortars to be used in agricultural buildings. Compacted and loose unit weights, specific weight, water absorption, organic matter content, abrasion resistance of aggregate (sand and pumice) and pozzolana were investigated and materials were found to comply with the relevant standards. Test results on fresh (unit weight and slum test) and hardened (unit weight, capillary water absorption, total water absorption, bending and compressive strength, vapor diffusion test) mortar samples revealed that pumice and diatomite could be used in agricultural structures. Diatomite and pumice should be heat-treated and grounded before to use in mortars. In plasters to be made with abundant pumice and diatomite sources, high water holding capacity of the materials should be taken into consideration and further researches should be carried out about their compliance with the other materials.

Bu çalışma, farklı maltlık arpa çeşitlerinin besin değerlerinin in vitro gaz üretim tekniği kullanılarak tespit edilmesi ve in vitro metan gazı üretimlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 3 farklı maltlık arpa çeşidi Durusu, Atılır ve Fırat kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, maltlık arpa çeşitleri arasında kuru madde (KM), ham kül (HK), ham protein (HP), ham yağ (HY), hemiselüloz (HES) ve nötr deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (NDF), sindirilebilir organik madde (SOM) içerikleri istatistiki açıdan önemli bulunmuş fakat ADF (asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif) ise istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmamıştır. Maltlık arpa çeşitlerinin gaz üretim miktarları 64,00 ile 72,50 ml/200 mg KM arasında değişmiştir. Metabolik enerji (ME) ve net enerji laktasyon (NEL) içerikleri ise sırasıyla 11,75-12,86 MJ/kg KM ve 7,16-7,98 MJ/kg KM arasında saptanmıştır. En yüksek metan (CH4) gazı üretimi 13,34 ml/200 mg KM ile Fırat çeşidinden elde edilirken; en düşük değer ise 12,16 ml/200 mg ile Atılır çeşidinden elde edilmiştir.

Date palm has a long history of cultivation and a valuable germplasm with little knowledge about its genetic makeup and variation among the most cultivated cultivars. Diversity is the variability of a species. Plants show variation in yield, vegetative traits and morphological properties of fruits and seeds in response to environmental changes. Molecular markers or DNA markers have been in use since past three decades. The DNA profiles give information about the genotype, screen the whole genome and show variation in both the coding and noncoding region and hence give information about polymorphism. Since plastid genes are transferred mostly from the mother line, the identification of maternal lines is possible by the sequencing of plastid genes. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) can detect length variation with the help of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and may be used as highly informative genetic markers. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) are the third generation of molecular markers. SNPs are more stable and have high fidelity of inheritance as compared to other marker systems. Molecular markers have been developed but they are not enough for sufficient diversity assessment. Therefore there is a need to increase the number of DNA markers in date palm. Previously, there are several studies to type various commercially important germplasm based on morphological or yield parameters. Morphological and biochemical markers are limited in number and are affected by environmental factors and growth stage of the plant which reduce their reliability in the assessment of diversity and characterization of the germplasm. This necessitates the use of genetic characterization, utilizing DNA markers, gene sequencing or SNP genotyping which can work independent of the plant growth stage and are not affected by environmental factors. A combination of morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of the date palm cultivars can better assess the level of diversity and relationship among the cultivars.

İnsülin benzeri büyüme faktörü-I (IGF-I) ve nöropeptid Y (NPY) tavuklarda üreme özellikleri ile ilişkili aday genlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Ankara Tavukçuluk Araştırma Enstitüsü’nde yetiştirilen yumurtacı saf hatlarda IGF-I ve NPY genlerindeki polimorfizmlerin PCR-RFLP yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla IGF-I (5' untranslated region) ve NPY genleri için sırasıyla 621 ve 248 bç büyüklüğündeki bantlar çoğaltılmıştır. PCR ürünleri IGF-I ve NPY genleri üzerindeki tek nükleotid polimorfizmlerini (SNP) belirlemek için sırasıyla PstI ve DraI restriksiyon enzimleri ile kesildi. IGF-I geni için Brown ve D-229 dışındaki tüm hatlar polimorfik bulunmuştur. Kahverengi yumurtacı saf hatlarda IGF-I geni için A allelinin frekansı 0,344 (COL) ile 0,906 (RIRII) aralığında değişirken, beyaz yumurtacı saf hatlarda 0,781 (Maroon) ile 1,000 (D-229, Brown) aralığında bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada NPY geni için tüm kahverengi yumurtacı saf hatlar polimorfik iken, beyaz yumurtacı tavuk hatlarında sadece Maroon hattı monomorfik bulunmuştur. NPY geni için T allelinin frekansı kahverengi yumurtacılarda 0,200 (BARI) ile 0,985 (COL), beyaz yumurtacılarda ise 0,397 (D-229) ile 1,000 (Maroon) aralığında değişmiştir. Uygulanan ki-kare testine (χ2) göre polimorfik populasyonlarda Hardy-Weinberg dengesinden sapma gözlenmemiştir. Sonuç olarak Ankara Tavukçuluk Araştırma Enstitüsü’nde yetiştirilen yumurtacı saf hatlarda IGF-I ve NPY genlerindeki polimorfizmler ilk kez gösterilmiştir.

Water buffaloes in Turkey originate from Mediterranean Water Buffaloes, a subgroup of river water buffaloes and are known as Anatolian Water Buffalo. During the 1970’s the number of water buffaloes in Turkey was one million, but in 2010 this figure dropped to about 85.000. Thanks to the incentives introduced for water buffalo husbandry in recent years, the water buffalo population has risen to 143.073 heads. Water buffalo husbandry in Turkey is performed in some provinces of the Black Sea, Marmara and Central Anatolian Regions. The provinces with the highest amount of water buffalo existence are listed as Samsun, Diyarbakır, Istanbul, Tokat, Bitlis, Muş, Afyon, Kayseri, Sivas and Amasya. Breeding style in Turkey is in the form small family business, with an average of 1-5 animals per enterprise. Family enterprises are keeping water buffaloes for their own consumption. Mostly breeding in modern enterprises formed for indoor barn breeding, the size of the herds is around 50 to 100 heads. Being done only at swamps or waterfronts in the past, water buffalo husbandry increasingly takes place in modern facilities nowadays. The colour of Anatolian Water Buffaloes is generally black and their horns curved backwards, are called arch horns in Turkey. The lactation milk yield and lactation length in Anatolian Water Buffaloes are between 800 and 1100 kg and about 180-280 days respectively. It is demonstrated that they varied according to effects of environmental factors, care and feeding. Adult water buffalo’s live weight is about 411-518 kg. The first insemination age of water buffalo is 32 to 43 months and during a lifespan the number of lactation periods is 5 to 10. For adult water buffalo at withers the height of females is being expressed as around 135 cm. Calves are generally breastfed for 3-4 months. Generally, water buffaloes are milked twice a day in the village farms by hand.

This study was carried out to determine morphological, ecological and climatic properties of Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. and Melilotus alba Desr. taxa located natural vegetation within the Büyükyayla in Çankırı province Yapraklı district. According to the Grid system of Davis, the study area is on the A4 square and north of the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The climate of the study area was determined using Emberger method. Plant and soil samples were collected during the vegetation period of 2014 in the study area. Morphologically observed characters of plant height (cm), stipule (mm), racemic (cm), in the case of fruit when I racemic (cm), flowers (units), corollo (mm), wings (mm), keel (mm), standart ( mm), fruit (mm) stamen (single) (mm) stamen (united) (mm), calyx tube (mm), calyx teeth (mm), leaves (cm), petiole (cm), leaflet teeth (mm) it is demonstrated by this study. Some morphological characters of Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. taxa measures for plant height, corolla, fruit by Davis (1965-1988) compliance mark, the differences between my racemic have been identified. Melilotus alba Desr. taxa measures for racem, flower, corolla by Davis (1965-1988) compliance mark, the differences between my plant height have been identified. To determine the general ecological characteristics of taxa, soil samples taken from 0-30 cm, measured soil organic matter (TOM), texture, pH, bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC) and the content of CaCO3%. The characteristics of the soils pH, CaCO3 and BD levels have varied between taxa. In this case, the same types of plants growing environment indicates that the request is different.

Bu çalışma, İstanbul ili Adalar İlçesinde (Büyükada, Heybeliada, Kınalıada, Burgazada) hobi bahçeleri ve peyzaj alanlarında yetiştirilen süs bitkilerinde Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) ve Impatients necrotic spot virus (INSV) varlığının saptanması amacıyla, 2015 ile 2016 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Bölgede yapılan survey çalışmalarında simptomolojik olarak şüpheli süs bitkileri ile simptom göstermeyen süs bitkilerinden doku örnekleri alınmıştır. Toplanan 150 adet süs bitkisi örneği öncelikle Double Antibody Sandwich (DAS) ELISA yöntemi ile testlenmiş ve örneklerin hiçbirinde TSWV ve INSV infeksiyonu saptanmamıştır. ELISA testlerinde IYSV ile bulaşık olduğu saptanan örnekler RT-PCR çalışmalarında kullanılmıştır. IYSV-465c; IYSV-239f primer çifti ile yapılan RT-PCR çalışmalarında Pittosporum tobira ve Hydrangea macrophylla için 240 bp büyüklüğe sahip band gözlenmiştir. Böylece, IYSV’nin Adalar ilçesinde varlığı moleküler olarak da ortaya konulmuştur.