Our country has many species in fruit and vegetable cultivation. One of them is Gilaburu fruit (Viburnum Opulus), which has spread to different regions, especially in Kayseri. Longer preservation of products in fruits and vegetables; Drying process has been applied since ancient times to prevent deterioration caused by microbial and/or biochemical changes. One of them and the most common one is convectional drying in other words drying in a drying chamber under controlled hot air stream. In this study, Gilaburu fruits were obtained from a local producer in Kayseri. Drying processes were carried out in a convectional oven at 60, 70 and 80℃ in three repetitions. The effects of different drying conditions on the drying characteristics of Gilaburu fruits were examined. Drying time for Gilaburu fruits decreased with increasing temperature. As a color parameter total color change with respective to fresh fruit (ΔΕ) was investigated. The results indicated that it remained almost identical with temperature change. Similar trend was observed for rehydration rate. Titration acidity and pH values showed compatible changes. With temperature increase, titration acidity increased, as pH decreased. As textural properties, skin-hardness and elasticity of dried fruits were measured. As hardness increased, elasticity decreased with temperature elevation. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of dried samples were also examined. The results showed that there were increases in both of them with an increase in temperature.

The genus Helichrysum contains many species displaying therapeutical effects and use in folk medicine. Helichrysum pallasii (Spreng.) Ledeb. is one of these species, used in the region for traditional medicine and ornamental purposes. Plants have been used in the treatment in folk medicines since the earliest times of human history. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and other medicinal properties of plants are being investigated in laboratories throughout the world using the extracts and essential oils derived from medicinal plants. Essential oils are usually complex mixtures of natural compounds of both polar and apolar structure. Essential oils consist mainly of terpenoids and their oxygenated derivatives. Essential oils, which have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, have therapeutic properties and are the raw materials of cosmetics, as well as acting as natural additives in foods and food products. In this study, the volatile components of the H. pallasii plants were investigated which collected from its natural habitat in the Armutlu district of Bayburt province (Turkey) at the time of flowering. The proportion of essential oils of the plant harvested during the full flowering period and the aromatic components in the essential oil of the plant were determined using the SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction) method in a Gas Chromatography (GC-MS) device. Almost 37 different components were found as a result of the analysis. The main components were found as α-Springene (34.89%), (-)-Isoledene (7.11%), δ-Selinene (5.79%) and Aristolene (5.09).

Bu çalışma torf perlit ortamında yetiştirilen Zambak bitkisinin gelişimi ve bitki kalite özellikleri üzerine temel gübrelemeye ek olarak humik asitin yetiştirme ortamına direk ve yapraktan uygulamalarının etkilerini ortaya koymak için saksı koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Deneme yaz döneminde üzerine gölge tülü çekilmiş ısıtmasız sera ortamında gerçekleşmiştir. Denemede humik asit dozları kontrole ek olarak topraktan 3,5 lt/da, toprak 7,5 lt/da, yapraktan 1,75 lt/da, yapraktan 3,75 lt/da ve toprak + yapraktan 3,5lt/da + 1,75 lt/da olarak 3 kere uygulama yapılmıştır. Tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulan saksı denemesinde her saksıda 10 adet zambak soğanı dikimi yapılmış ve bitki çıkışını takiben humik asit uygulamaları iki hafta arayla yapılmıştır. Bitki hasada geldiğinde uygulamaların etkisini görebilmek için bitkinin çiçek sapı uzunluğu (mm), çiçek sapı kalınlığı (mm), dal yaş ağırlığı (mm), kandil sayısı (adet), kandil (gonca) uzunluğu (cm), yaprak sayısı (adet), tam açmış çiçek sapı (mm) ve vazo ömrüne (gün) bakılmıştır. Humik asitin dozları arttıkça zambak bitkisinin vegetatif ağırlığı artarken uygulamaların etkisi incelenen özelliklere etkisi farklı olmuştur. Humik asit içerisindeki mineral elementler, hormonlar ve bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri ile bitkide biomasın artışını teşvik etme niteliği taşımaktadır.

The aim of this study is to contribute to the valorization of the cocoa bean varieties “Mercedes” and “Forastero” grown in Côte d’Ivoire. A comparative characterisation of phenolic compounds and minerals in the beans of the “Mercedes” and “Forastero” varieties from two major cocoa production areas of Côte d’Ivoire were determined. The phenolic compounds of cocoa beans were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The study showed that a significant difference at the 5% level was observed in the averages of minerals, cinnamic acid, protocatechic acid, quercetin, coumaric acid, rutin, ellagic acid, veratric acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid and naringenin. On the other hand, no significant difference at the 5% level was observed in the averages of arbutin, catechin, vanillic acid and caffeic acid in the bean kernels analysed in the Divo and Abengourou regions. The proportion of cinnamic acid is (6.18±0.63 mg/100g “Mercedes” Divo), that of ellagic acid is (18.48±0.44 mg/100g “Mercedes” Divo) and that of naringenin is (5.95±0.35 mg/100g “Mercedes” Divo). The amount of potassium is (7569.97±1.51 mg/kg “Forastero” of Abengourou) and that of iron is (179.9 ± 0.70 mg/Kg “Forastero” of Divo). The phenolic compounds and minerals in the cocoa bean samples analysed are highly correlated and rich in antioxidants. They would be beneficial for many biological functions. They can be recommended in pharmacology and cosmetics to fight against oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases.

This study was conducted to assess variability among linear body measurements (LBMs), deduce components that describe these traits, and investigate the inter-relationship among them. For this purpose, seventeen LBM traits namely heart girth, body-length, wither-height, ear-length, forelimb-length, hindlimb-length, barrel-girth, face-length, hip-width, chest-width, chest-depth, tail-length, neck-length, hump-length, hump-circumference, forehoof-circumference and hindhoof-circumference were measured on 300 (51 males and 249 females) camels. PC factor analysis was used to describe the variation in LBM traits where extracted factors were varimax rotated to enhance interpretability. Pearson’s correlation coefficients among the traits were positive and very highly significant. From the factor analysis, two principal components (PCs) were extracted, which accounted for 63.2% of the total variance. PC1 accounted for 57.0% of the total observed variance and was loaded by EL, BL, FL, HL, FLL, WH, CD, NL, and HC; while PC2 contributed 6.1% of the total observed variance and had its loading on HG, BG, and HW. The results obtained from this study could be useful in designing appropriate husbandry, selection, and breeding programs for utilization of camel genetic resources.

Six different temperate zone species of Cyprinidae family members, which are adapted to different harsh environmental conditions, were analyzed versus cold-acclimated Salmonid. Hemoglobin diversity in the studied species was investigated with a modified form of isoelectric pH: 3.5-10 ampholite system. 6 isohemoglobin bands were observed for cold-acclimated Oncorhynchus mykiss 8 isohemoglobin were observed for Chalcalburnus tarichi 9 for Cyprinion macrostomus and Sarkisla (Sivas) Cyprinus carpio, 11 Garra rufa and finally 12 for Todurge (Sivas) Cyprinus carpio. Cathodic/anodic ratios were found equal to 1for control and the fish adapted to available conditions. However, these ratios were found below 1 when environmental conditions were changed for fish, which are adapted to these poorly oxygenated conditions. Different environmentally adapted fish species are representing various isohemoglobins bands pattern. The species used as a control group in this study shown the lower isohemoglobin bands form. On the other hand, different forms of temperate climate Cyprinidae family member are produced isohemoglobins bands pattern, and the number of these band were higher than control group, depending on different adaptation conditions. The majority of these protein bands were anadic and it can be said that fish are producing anodic hemoglobin protein, when environmental conditions was changed to poorly oxygenated milieu.

This study aimed to determine whether the addition of diluent to fresh semen before injection affects the number of spermatozoa entering the spermatheca of the instrumentally inseminated queens. The queens reared by the grafting method were introduced into mating nucs one day before adult emergence. When 7-day old, the queens were allocated into four groups for the following instrumental insemination treatments. The queens in group 1 and group 3 were inseminated with 4 µl and 8 µl fresh semen, respectively (FS - 4 µl and FS - 8 µl). In group 2, the queens were inseminated with 4 µl fresh semen diluted 1-fold with NaCl solution (DS - 8 µl). In group 4, the queens were inseminated with 8 µl fresh semen diluted 1-fold with NaCl solution (DS - 16 µl). Each queen was dissected after the onset of oviposition for counting the number of spermatozoa in the spermatheca. There was not a significant difference in spermatozoa number between queens inseminated with 4 µl FS (2.57 million) and 8 µl DS (2.68 million). The queens inseminated with 16 µl DS (3.51 million) had fewer spermatozoa than the queens inseminated with 8 µl FS (4.46 million). The queens inseminated with 16 µl DS had more spermatozoa (3.51 million) than the queens inseminated with 4 µl FS (2.57 million, and 8 µl DS (2.68 million). The results revealed that the addition of 1-fold diluent to 4 µl fresh semen did not alter the number of spermatozoa. In contrast, adding 1-fold diluent to 8 µl fresh semen adversely affected the number of spermatozoa entering the spermatheca.

In the current research, it was aimed to determine the effect of the use of under sieve beans, which are not suitable for human consumption, in the diets of growing quails on performance, carcass, and serum parameters. For this purpose, a total of 240-day-old quail chicks were randomly distributed to 6 treatment groups with 40 quail chicks in each, with 4 replicates. In the study, quails were fed with 6 different treatment diets containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100 g/kg of under sieve beans. The results of the study demonstrated that the feed intake, mortality, carcass yield, thigh+drumstick, breast, liver, heart weights and serum triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, and urea levels of quails were not affected by the use of under sieve beans in the diet. The body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were considerably affected by the treatments and the best results in terms of these parameters were obtained in the group using under sieve beans at the level of 40 g/kg. Compared to the control group, pancreas weight increased in the 80 and 100 g/kg under sieve bean groups, while abdominal fat weight decreased in the 100 g/kg under sieve bean group. Serum glucose level increased significantly with the use of under sieve beans in the diet. The serum amylase level, on the other hand, was minimum with the use of 100 g/kg of under sieve beans in the diet. According to the results obtained, it can be said that raw under sieve beans could be used at the level of 40 g/kg without any adverse effects in growing quail diets.

A corn dryer prototype was manufactured for Mexican small-scale farmers in order to avoid them paying fines for corn with a high-moisture content when selling their corn on to stores. The dryer comprised two large boxes perforated by round holes and containing stainless steel trays subjected to a hot air temperature of 45°C within the batch. The accumulated grain in both boxes was 200 mm and the airflow rate were 0.56 m3 s-1. The corn ears layer was of 80 mm of depth in each of the boxes. The airflow rate was 0.34 m3 s-1. Within eight hours, we sampled corn grain in nine points of each box and found that the mean corn grain moisture content was reduced from 30.36% to 10.47% for box 1 whereas for box 2 it was reduced until 14.72%. The fuel consumption for drying was 0.55 kg h-1 of kerosene. In Box1, the exponential regression model for corn grain moisture content had an R² of 0.9143 whereas Box 2 exponential regression model had an R² was of 0.6642. In Box 1, the exponential regression model for corn ear moisture content had an R² of 0.9616 whereas Box 2 had an R² was of 0.9400. Both models for corn cob moisture content had an R² of 0.9639. Two-layer corn dryers can be used to harness gas or fuel energy to speed up drying for storage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol extract (RE) and curcumin extract (CE) added to diet on the serum biochemical parameters and hepatic enzyme levels as Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) of broiler. A total number of 200, 0-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in the study. The animals were divided into 5 groups; the control group was fed only basal diet but groups RE-1, RE-2, CE-1 and CE-2 had 250 mg/kg RE, 500 mg/kg RE, 250 mg/kg CE and 500 mg/kg CE, respectively, added to their diets. At the end of the study, 10 randomly selected animals from each group were slaughtered and blood was taken from the vena jugularis and used in the analysis. In the examinations, it was determined that the serum creatinine level in the group RE-1 and the Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) level increased significantly in the group CE-2 group. In addition, it was determined that the albumin/globulin ratio in the RE-2 group, and the magnesium (Mg) level increased significantly in the RE-1 and RE-2 groups. It was found to be statistically similar in all groups that serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, amylase, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels. As a result, it was observed that the additives applied did not have an effect on serum hepatic enzymes and partially affected other routine biochemical parameters.