In this study, beta-lactam group antibiotic residues were investigated in raw cow's milk. For this purpose, a total of 86 raw milk samples were used as material. Samples were collected periodically from farms in various outlets and surrounding villages in the province of Sivas. Beta-lactam group antibiotic levels in raw cow's milk were determined by ELISA method with commercial test kit. According to the analysis results, beta-lactam levels were between 0.35-0.70 ng/mL in 64 (74.4%) and between 0.71-3.7 ng/mL in 22 samples (25.6%) determined of 86 raw cow milk samples. The residue levels detected in the samples are in accordance with the legal limits declared by the European Union (EU) commission and Turkish Food Codex Communique.

Ageratum conyzoides is a widely spread weed, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. It has been reported to be used as folk medicine in different countries for treating burns, wounds, skin disorders, headaches, fever, pneumonia, gynecological diseases, leprosy, snakebites, rheumatism, inflammations, stomach ailments like parasites, colic, diarrhea, dysentery, used as a painkiller during childbirth, and many more. It has been reported to contain active secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, coumarins, essential oils, and flavonoids, which support its medicinal uses in disease treatment and prevention. It can be a potential source of drugs for various diseases. In fact, pharmaceutical companies are being run in Brazil using A. conyzoides as raw material with recommendations from the Brazilian Drug Centre. It is also used for agricultural purposes as manure, insecticide, pesticide, herbicide, nematicide, fodder, etc. In China, it is widely intercropped in the citrus orchard to control pests and weeds. The review attempts to bring together medicinal and agricultural usage of Ageratum conyzoides with scientific evidence to demonstrate its efficacy. This weed has a negative influence in agriculture and the ecosystem but after studying about its potential medical and agricultural uses, we now have a different viewpoint on this weed, and we believe that further harnessing it for such positive uses might be a management strategy for this weed.

In this research, it is aimed to investigate the economic performance of cotton farms and to reveal the profitability and competitiveness of cotton production in Founia district of Kita province. The research data were obtained from the questionnaires conducted with 55 farms determined according to the stratified random sampling method. Policy Analysis Matrix was used to determine profitability and competitiveness in cotton production. The results of the research showed that the farms in Founia county have an average of 10.44 da farm land. Gross production value per farm is $3519.89, agricultural income is $2197.42. According to the result obtained from PAM, private profit of cotton production in Founia district was 58.97 $/ton social profit was 1017.38 $/ton. Within the scope of the research, Specific Cost Ratio (PCR) coefficients of 0.77 and Cost Ratio of Domestic Resources (DRC) of 0.19 obtained from PAM were found. However, according to the Nominal Protection Coefficient on Output (NPCO) (0.30), Nominal Protection Coefficient on Tradable Inputs (NPCI) (0.87) and Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) (0.20) coefficients, it is seen that the cotton price is lower than the comparable world prices and the producer earns less profit from free trade. Therefore, in the short term, incentive premiums, direct financial support, protection of cotton prices, good communication with farms and extension policies should be implemented. The increase in yield with the introduction of irrigation systems will increase competitiveness.The government and the Compagnie Malienne pour le Développement des Textiles (CMDT) should assist in the leasing and long-term purchase of modern farm machinery, which is one of the fixed capitals, in order to increase productivity.

Organic agricultural products are food products that are inspected and certified at all stages of production until they are offered for consumption by institutions that are authorized by the state. Beekeeping products made for human food are also subject to the same certification process. With this research, it was aimed to reveal the organic beekeeping and organic honey understanding of the people of Iğdır region. With the survey, the information of the local consumers about organic honey, how they got this information, their status and reasons for organic honey consumption, as well as the certification processes were collected. The obtained data were analyzed with numerical, proportional, and decision tree methods. The genders of the survey participants were 66% male, 34% female. It was also determined that 70.5% of the participants were under the age of 40, had a bachelor's degree or higher education level in the proportion of 43%, and 63% had a minimum wage or lower-income level. For the questions asked about the research topic, it was reported that participants know and eat organic honey in the proportion of 93%, buy organic honey in the proportion of 77.5%, having information about the organic honey certificate in the proportion of 67% and certification stages in the proportion of 43%. Despite these high rates, the same participants gave contradictory answers to some other questions, such as; for the question of “What is organic honey?” the answer of "Certified honey" in the proportion of only 11.5% and for the question of “How did you know that the organic honey you bought was organic honey?” the answer of " I saw its certificate” in the proportion of only 18.1%. This contradiction was noted. With this research, it was determined that the local people did not have enough information about organic beekeeping and honey understanding. In order to fill this gap, it can be suggested that healthy nutrition lessons be included in the education curricula starting from primary school, and usage of TV, radio, and internet broadcasting for this purpose. The fact that the participants' education level is high and their age is young may provide an advantage in order to get results from the training to be given on the subject.

Row planting is one of the technologies introduced in Ethiopia to improve production and productivity of the major crops. However, the rate of adopting the technology decline from time to time. Thus, this study aims to identify factors affecting adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the selected districts of North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Multi-stage random sampling techniques were used to select 400 respondents. Adoption index, independent sample mean t-test, chi-square test and double hurdle model were used for data analysis. The results of adoption index reveals that among 400 sample households, 79.8% was non-adopter while 20.2% were adopter of Teff row planting technology. A total of 10 variables were hypothesized to affect the adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the study area. Among these, 6 variables had significant effect on adoption level of Teff row planting technology while 4 variables had significant effect on the intensity use of Teff row planting technology. Accordingly, the experience of household in Teff production, education level of household head, family size, extension contact, credit utilization and demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on the adoption level of Teff row planting technology adoption at 1, 1, 5, 1, 1 and 1% significance level respectively. Moreover, family size, education level of household head, frequency of extension contacts and demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on the intensity use of Teff row planting technology at 10, 1, 1 and 1% significant level respectively. Hence, in order to increase the households’ adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the study area, strengthening the extension services, improving the education level of the households, strengthening the credit services and expanding the demonstration site should be the focus area of the policy makers.

Climate unpredictability and weather extremes are being projected as capable of presenting additional challenges for farmers currently engaged in the low-technology based food production systems in sub-Saharan countries like Nigeria. This study assessed rice farming households’ vulnerability to climate change in Kwara State, Nigeria. Primary data, collected from 150 respondents using simple random sampling procedure were analysed employing descriptive statistic was use to describe the coping strategies adopted and Human Development Index (HDI) was created to assess vulnerability of rice farmers to climate change. Statistical analyses indicated a vulnerability assessment index of 0.3001, pointing to a fact that the zone is prone to the adverse effects of climatic variability. For this reason, the study empirically underscores the need for farmers to adopt and adapt the planting of drought tolerant and/or early maturing varieties of rice. Importantly, the capacities of the local communities needs to be strengthened vis-à-vis the relationship between climate change and crop production. Capacity building at the farm level is crucial for improving crop, soil and water management, enhancing the demand for and use of better and more efficient production inputs. Tied to farm-level capacity building is the need to refocus public agricultural-based institutions towards exposing the rice farmers to effective mitigation strategies in the wake of climate change, provision of agricultural inputs, expansion of irrigation, efficient and effective extension service delivery, market development and other forms of necessary support.

Nanotechnology has a wide study field including organic and/or inorganic particles smaller than 100 nanometers and all kinds of technological studies developed using these particles. In the production of nanoparticles, top-down approaches in which macro-sized materials were reduced to nano-sizes and bottom-up approaches in which atoms / molecules were increased to nano-sizes by different chemical reactions, are used. Currently, nanoparticles produced by top-down approaches might be used in many industries such as food industry, water treatment systems, cosmetics, and medicine. Microorganisms that tend to move, adhere, and colonize a solid surface, cause the formation of microbial biofilm on these surfaces. Microbial biofilms show high resistance to traditional antimicrobial applications in industrial environments especially where food is processed, water piping systems, biological tissues and medical implants. Therefore, the requirement has emerged to make not only the surfaces in direct contact with people, but also the surfaces in contact with food, to be resistant to microorganisms by different antimicrobial coating techniques. In this review, it is aimed to give information about the production methods of nanomaterials, different antimicrobial surface-coating techniques, the mechanism of antimicrobial nanoparticles on microorganisms and potential applications of antimicrobial surfaces.

Tea is one of the most important non-alcoholic beverage in the world and has been gaining further popularity as an important ‘health drink’ in view of its inferable medicinal value. In Bangladesh, commercially tea was cultivated since 1854 by establishing first tea garden Malnicherra Tea Estate in Sylhet. From 1947 to 2020, tea growing area, production and per hectare yield were increased 127.71%, 370.53% and 137.96% respectively. The major reasons behind the increasing tea productivity are extension of tea growing areas as well as cultivation of the tea clones (BT clones) released by Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI). Till now BTRI released 23 clones and 5 biclones, having average per hectare yield of 3461.67 kg. In the world, tea production, consumption and exportation have increased significantly. Unlike world condition, there is a negative relation between tea production and export in Bangladesh. From 1980 to 2020 the quantity of tea exports was decreased by 92.99%. This situation emphasizes the need for exploring alternative means by the tea industries of increasing profits from tea cultivation and tea export. As a result, researches on tea varietal improvement is needed for rapid economic growth and development of tea industry as well as to encourage tea plantation business to go ahead with more production to meet our own demand along with quality tea to flourish tea business in Bangladesh.

Ehrlichia canis is the primary etiologic agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, a tick-transmitted disease of dogs. The aim of this study is to molecularly investigate the presence of E. canis and to reveal its prevalence in dogs in Siirt province. The animal material of the study is consisted of a total of 82 dogs. A region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of E. canis was targeted for PCR amplification. As a result of the conducted Nested-PCR, positivity was detected at the rate of 10.53% (4/38) in male dogs and 13.64% (6/44) in females, and Ehrlichia canis specific bands of size 389 bp were obtained in 10 (12.20%) dogs in total. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with the Maximum Likelihood (MCL) method, The nucleotide sequence was registered in the NCBI GenBank database with access numbers OK331365.1-OK331366. Early detection of the disease by means of hematological, serological, or molecular tests is very important in terms of prognosis. More studies should be performed to determine vector-disease relationships in this region about ticks that vector the disease.