The present study investigated the effects of two different zeolite applications and different nitrogen-based fertilizers on chickpea’s yield and yield components in dry and irrigated conditions. The field experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 in the experimental area of the Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Türkiye. The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replicates. The main plots were grown under dry-irrigated conditions. At the same time, subplots received zeolite applications (zeolite+- zeolite-), and sub-sub plots received nitrogen applications [control, traditional, chemical, farmyard manure, and Isabion, (an animal collagen-derived biostimulant)]. The experiment found that irrigation caused a delay in phenological characters but had a favorable impact on morphological characters and yield. The effect of zeolite applications was different in the first and second years of the experiments for the investigated characters. In the first year, the application of zeolite had a significant impact on grain yield, but there was no discernible effect in the second year. The experiment demonstrated that both chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure positively impacted phenological and morphological characteristics. In both years, the farmyard manure plots produced the highest grain yield. Farmers in Türkiye are advised to apply nitrogen to their crops as the profitability of chickpeas has risen in recent years. If the high cost of farmyard manure renders its use impracticable, farmers can opt for chemical fertilizer as an alternative.

Sideritis hyssopifolia L., perennial plant of the genus Sideritis, is also known as hyssop-leaved mountain ironwort. In its area of origin in northwestern Europe, it is valued as an aromatic and medicinal plant and used in the prevention and treatment of digestive ailments. It has been studied at Plant Genetic Resources Bank Buzău since 2019, being the subject of intensive acclimatization and improvement works with the purpose of obtaining new creations with distinct genotypic and biochemical characteristics. The genetic material used was from the centers of origin: Spain, Portugal, Madeira and Canary Islands, and the breeding methods were repeated individual selection followed by negative mass selection. In order to prevent the biological contamination of genotypes with foreign pollen, insulators with textile material were used. Cultivar G5, superior in terms of acclimation and genetic stability, also exhibited distinct phenotypic expressivity. At the same time, specific culture technology was developed with the aim of promoting it among farmers.

Dünya genelinde insanlarda sağlıklı tüketim farkındalığının oluşmasıyla zengin besin içeriklerine sahip bitkisel sütlere yönelim artmaktadır. Tüketicilerden laktoz intoleransı, kalori endişesi ve hiperkolesterolemi olanlarında rahatça tüketimine imkan sağlaması ile tüketici taleplerinden enerjiyi artırıcı, yaşlanmayla mücadele, yorgunluk ve stres azaltıcı etkilerine yanıt olabilme potansiyelinden dolayı bitkisel süt üretiminin ve tüketiminin artması beklenmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında bitkisel sütlerin üretim aşamaları ele alınarak, bu üretim basamaklarının son ürün üzerine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Bitkisel sütlerde besin içeriklerinin zengin olmasından kaynaklı olarak bozulmayan sebep olan mikroorganizmaların büyümesinin önlenebilmesi için ısıl işlem gereklilikleri incelenmiştir. Bitkisel sütlerde bozulmaya sebep olan mikroorganizmaların inhibisyonu için uygulanan yenilikçi ısıl ve ısıl olmayan teknolojiler ele alınmıştır. Gelişen yenilikçi teknolojiler ile bitkisel sütlerin mikrobiyal güvenliğini sağlanmasının yanısıra kalite özelliklerinin de korunması önem kazanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak Dünya’da ve ülkemizde popüler olmaya başlayan bitkisel sütlerin; yeni teknolojiler ile birlikte gıda endüstrisinde yaygınlaşma potansiyeli yüksektir.

Resumen El presente estudio evaluó la adaptabilidad de las especies guandul (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. y veranera (Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze); a suelos degradados por la extracción de arena y grava. Las tres especies se sembraron en bolsas de 20cm x 10cm cada una con tres semillas, en un sustrato de suelo y arena en una relación 2:1 respectivamente. Las plantas se mantuvieron bajo polisombra del 50% durante 60 días, con una frecuencia de riego dependiendo de las condiciones climáticas. Posteriormente se trasplantaron a campo, allí se realizaron mediciones de las variables altura de la planta (ALP), hojas completamente desarrolladas (HCD) y diámetro del tallo (D) cada semana durante 10 semanas. El análisis se realizó mediante un diseño en bloques aleatorizados efecto fijo balanceado. Por medio de cuatro repeticiones para cada especie, se incluyó la técnica MANOVA con contraste ortogonal, el método de la máxima verosimilitud para establecer la dimensionalidad del contraste y las comparaciones unidimensionales se realizaron por método de Tukey teniendo como error tipo I un 5% de significancia estadística. Se obtuvo diferencia significativa entre las especies para la variable ALP (p<0.05). La variable diámetro presentó diferencias a partir de la tercera semana para las tres especies evaluadas (p<0.05). Se encontró una relación altamente significativa y directamente proporcional entre las variables ALP, HCD y D (p<0.0001). El análisis multivariado MANOVA mostró una diferencia altamente significativa entre las tres especies (p<0.0001) lo cual confirma la hipótesis de que las especies se desarrollaran y crecieran a pesar de las condiciones del área de estudio. | Abstract In this research, the adaptability of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) and veranera (Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze) species, was evaluated in soils degraded by sand and gravel extraction. The three species were planted in bags as follows: 20 x 10cm, each with 3 seeds, with a substrate 2:1 soil and sand, respectively. The plants were grown under shadow conditions with 50% for 60 days, and received irrigation according to climate conditions. Therefore, were transplanted at field conditions, plant height (PH), fully developed leaves (FDL) and stem diameter (SD) variables, were measured every week for 10 weeks. A randomized block design was used with a fixed balanced effect. The number of replicates per treatment was four, the multivariate technique MANOVA variance with orthogonal type was included and the method of maximum likelihood was used to establish the dimensionality of the contrast. In fact, one-dimensional comparisons were carried out using Tukey method, which had achieved type I error of 5% statistical significance. Significant difference among plants for PH (p<0.05) variable was obtained. In addition, SD variable showed differences from the third week for all evaluated plants (p<0.05). A highly significant and directly proportional relationship among HP, FDL and SD variables (p<0.0001), was found. MANOVA Multivariate Analysis showed a highly significant difference among evaluated species (p<0.0001), which confirms the hypothesis. It was expected that species were developing and growing despite having contrasting conditions in the study area.

ABSTRACT: In this research, the adaptability of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) and veranera (Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze) species, was evaluated in soils degraded by sand and gravel extraction. The three species were planted in bags as follows: 20 x 10cm, each with 3 seeds, with a substrate 2:1 soil and sand, respectively. The plants were grown under shadow conditions with 50% for 60 days, and received irrigation according to climate conditions. Therefore, were transplanted at field conditions, plant height (PH), fully developed leaves (FDL) and stem diameter (SD) variables, were measured every week for 10 weeks. A randomized block design was used with a fixed balanced effect. The number of replicates per treatment was four, the multivariate technique MANOVA variance with orthogonal type was included and the method of maximum likelihood was used to establish the dimensionality of the contrast. In fact, one-dimensional comparisons were carried out using Tukey method, which had achieved type I error of 5% statistical significance. Significant difference among plants for PH (p<0.05) variable was obtained. In addition, SD variable showed differences from the third week for all evaluated plants (p<0.05). A highly significant and directly proportional relationship among HP, FDL and SD variables (p<0.0001), was found. MANOVA Multivariate Analysis showed a highly significant difference among evaluated species (p<0.0001), which confirms the hypothesis. It was expected that species were developing and growing despite having contrasting conditions in the study area. | RESUMEN: El presente estudio evaluó la adaptabilidad de las especies guandul (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. y veranera (Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze); a suelos degradados por la extracción de arena y grava. Las tres especies se sembraron en bolsas de 20cm x 10cm cada una con tres semillas, en un sustrato de suelo y arena en una relación 2:1 respectivamente. Las plantas se mantuvieron bajo polisombra del 50% durante 60 días, con una frecuencia de riego dependiendo de las condiciones climáticas. Posteriormente se trasplantaron a campo, allí se realizaron mediciones de las variables altura de la planta (ALP), hojas completamente desarrolladas (HCD) y diámetro del tallo (D) cada semana durante 10 semanas. El análisis se realizó mediante un diseño en bloques aleatorizados efecto fijo balanceado. Por medio de cuatro repeticiones para cada especie, se incluyó la técnica MANOVA con contraste ortogonal, el método de la máxima verosimilitud para establecer la dimensionalidad del contraste y las comparaciones unidimensionales se realizaron por método de Tukey teniendo como error tipo I un 5% de significancia estadística. Se obtuvo diferencia significativa entre las especies para la variable ALP (p<0.05). La variable diámetro presentó diferencias a partir de la tercera semana para las tres especies evaluadas (p<0.05). Se encontró una relación altamente significativa y directamente proporcional entre las variables ALP, HCD y D (p<0.0001). El análisis multivariado MANOVA mostró una diferencia altamente significativa entre las tres especies (p<0.0001) lo cual confirma la hipótesis de que las especies se desarrollaran y crecieran a pesar de las condiciones del área de estudio. | COL0009556

In this research, the adaptability of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) and veranera (Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze) species, was evaluated in soils degraded by sand and gravel extraction. The three species were planted in bags as follows: 20 x 10cm, each with 3 seeds, with a substrate 2:1 soil and sand, respectively. The plants were grown under shadow conditions with 50% for 60 days, and received irrigation according to climate conditions. Therefore, were transplanted at field conditions, plant height (PH), fully developed leaves (FDL) and stem diameter (SD) variables, were measured every week for 10 weeks. A randomized block design was used with a fixed balanced effect. The number of replicates per treatment was four, the multivariate technique MANOVA variance with orthogonal type was included and the method of maximum likelihood was used to establish the dimensionality of the contrast. In fact, one-dimensional comparisons were carried out using Tukey method, which had achieved type I error of 5% statistical significance. Significant difference among plants for PH (p&lt;0.05) variable was obtained. In addition, SD variable showed differences from the third week for all evaluated plants (p&lt;0.05). A highly significant and directly proportional relationship among HP, FDL and SD variables (p&lt;0.0001), was found. MANOVA Multivariate Analysis showed a highly significant difference among evaluated species (p&lt;0.0001), which confirms the hypothesis. It was expected that species were developing and growing despite having contrasting conditions in the study area.