This study includes some deep underground well waters opened to supply the irrigation water in Tekirdağ province. The sampling was done from 22 wells in the irrigation season period. The parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, HCO3, B, NO3-N, Sodium Absorption Ratio and Residual Sodium Carbonate parameters, which were significant in terms of irrigation water classification, were examined in the samplings. According to the results, it was determined that thirteen well waters were in medium salty and eight well waters were in high salty water classes. Besides, Na and HCO3 harms were determined in five and three well waters, respectively. In seven well waters, it was concluded that RCE values were over 2,5 me L-1 and these water were not suitable in the usage of irrigation. As a result of the evaluations in terms of the specific ions, it was determined that CL, B and NO3-N concentrations which were found in three, two and one wells respectively, could create damages in some crops. As a result of the evaluations in terms of salinity and SAR parameters, it was concluded that the usage of T5, T6, T8, T10, T13 and T14 well waters was undesirable and the usage of T9, T11, T12, T16, T17 and T21 well waters can be suggested by the provision of some special conditions (appropriate drainage conditions, appropriate plant selection, coarse textured soils).

The present study aimed to evaluate the activation characteristics of the leaping mullet spermatozoa and diluted with four different media (D1, D2, D3, D4) for 250 h at 4±2°C. The semen was collected from nine wild fish in Homa Lagoon, İzmir, Turkey in July, during reproductive season. In each trial (n = 9), semen samples were collected and mixed to reduce sperm quality variation to obtain the required gametes for the experiment. The semen was activated with natural seawater (salinity of 34, pH 7.9 and 4±2°C) to determine: motility time, motility rate and viability of sperm. Dilution with inactivation media 1:3 increased motility time of diluted semen than control group. At the end of the experiment, no significant difference was found for the duration of survival in the D2 and D4 groups. The highest survival rate was found in D2 group.

Küresel ısınmadan kaynaklanan iklim değişimi ve hızlı nüfus artışına bağlı olarak tüketimin yükselmesi doğal kaynaklardan suyun azalmasına neden olarak varlığını tehdit etmektedir. Dünyada kullanılabilir suyun büyük bir bölümü tarımda değerlendirildiğinden bitkilerin su ihtiyacının en doğru ve ekonomik şeklide karşılanması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda da suyun verimli ve ekonomik kullanılmasını sağlayan yöntemlerden biri olarak su tutucu polimer (SAP) uygulaması karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Araştırmada, su tutucu polimer SAP A200’ün farklı dozları [% 0 (kontrol), % 0,2, % 0,4 ve % 0,6 v/v] geleneksel (toprak) ve topraksız tarım yetiştirme ortamlarına [torf, perlit ve torf:perlit (1:1) v/v] uygulanmıştır. SAP A200 dozlarının Anadolu Sığla Ağacı (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) ve Biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) türlerinin bitki gelişimine etkisinin belirlemesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Bitki gelişim özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla bitki boyu, gövde çapı, kök uzunluğu, kök kalınlığı, kök ile sürgün yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları belirlenmiştir. Araştırmadaki iki tür için, tüm SAP dozlarının bitki gelişim parametrelerini olumlu yönde etkilediği ve en yüksek değerlerin % 0,6 SAP A200 uygulamasında tespit edildiği gözlemlenmiştir. Toprak dışındaki tüm yetiştirme ortamlarında bitki gelişim değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu ve en iyi sonuçların torf:perlit ortamında gerçekleştiği saptanmıştır.

In this study, the energy analyses of wheat production were compared for various geographic regions as Central Anatolia, Black Sea, Mediterranean, Eastern Anatolia and the Marmara. For this purpose, the data obtained from different studies conducted in these geographical regions were used. Five key indicators to assess the energy analyses in wheat production in the geographical regions of Turkey (energy profitability, specific energy, energy efficiency, energy use and net energy) were considered. As a result, the lowest specific energy was obtained in the Mediterranean/Adana region with 2.22 MJ kg-1, while the highest specific energy was obtained in the East Anatolia with 10.51 MJ kg-1. The lowest and highest energy use efficiency was obtained with 2.36 and 7.88 in the Black Sea/Samsun and East Anatolia/Erzurum region, respectively. The highest energy use rate is fertilizer energy in total input energy of the wheat production for geographical regions of Turkey.

Most poultry farmers in Nigeria feed their laying birds twice a day with one bag of 25 kg to 200 layers which translate to 125g/bird/day, while very few feed once or thrice a day and there has been little or no documentation on how many times laying hens should be fed in a day to optimize profit. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the performance and egg qualities of Isa-Brown layers fed different quantities of feed at varying feeding frequencies. Three hundred and sixty (360) 16-weeks in-lay Isa-Brown layers were used in this trial. The treatment consisted of 95g, 105g, 115g, and 125g of feed per day at varying frequencies of once, twice and thrice per day. The birds were housed in California type cages, 3 birds per cage unit, 5 cage units per replicate, and 6 replicates per treatment. A completely randomized experimental design with a 4x3 factorial was adopted. Results at the end of the trial showed that bird fed 115g of feed twice per day had the highest percentage hen-day production (85.24%), highest egg mass (56.69g) and best feed conversion ratio (1.96) while lowest percentage hen-day production (62.02%) and lowest egg mass (39.22g) were observed in hen fed 95g of feed thrice per day and worst feed conversion ratio (2.50) was recorded in bird fed 125g of feed thrice per day. The bird fed 115g twice per day had the highest net profit (N637.63) while the lowest net profit (N199.33) was recorded in bird fed 125g thrice per day. It could be concluded that for optimum laying performance and to save time and labour expended in feeding birds thrice per day, feeding laying Isa-Brown birds the required feed quantity (115g) twice per day would be most economical.

Hatay province has a rich ecosystem that medicinal and aromatic plants grow naturally all across the province. There are about 2.000 flowery plants in the vegetative pattern of the province, and it is around 300 of them are endemic plants. The main purpose of this study was to present the production and processing structure of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) which are commonly traded in the Hatay Province of Turkey. In addition, it was aimed to examine the problems of the sector in the Province, and to bring solutions about those problems. According to the research results: in Hatay Province, MAPs are mostly collected from nature; in terms of local processing enterprises, there are problems about obtaining sufficient raw materials; and spice plants are marketed as semi-processed to the other districts. There is a lack of producer organization of MAPs in the region. In order to improve MAPs industry in the province, it is necessary to establish a MAPs coordination and management unit where all shareholders are represented. It should be focused on: extending MAPs cultivation, providing subsidies for producers and processing enterprises, developing effective marketing and publicity strategies for target markets, and establishing a MAPs research institution.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of the use of hazelnut husk (HH), wood shavings (WS) and the mixture of 50% hazelnut husk + 50% wood shavings (MIX) in two different thicknesses (4 and 8 cm) as a litter material in broiler production. The experiment was carried out as a factorial experimental design (3 litter type and 2 thickness) and stocking density was 10 chickens per m2. At 6 wk. of age, the effect of litter types and thicknesses on broiler live weights, feed efficiency, and livability, were not significant. Also, no differences were found in terms of gizzard, digestive tract, abdominal fat and edible internal organ weight percentages. While carcass yield varied between litter groups, there was no difference between litter thicknesses. The litter moisture levels at the end of the trial were not affected the litter type and litter thickness, while the foot pad dermatitis (FPD) rates were significantly affected. The highest FPD levels were determined in the HH litter and 4 cm thickness. As a result, the use of HH, WS and MIX of them with a thickness of 4 and 8 cm had no effect on other traits except for FPD levels. It has been observed that these litter materials may be used successfully in broiler production and use of 8 cm thickness litter has minor positive effects except that the cost of litter has doubled.

Reports have indicated that lipid peroxidation is a key factor in soybean daddawa deterioration and Alliums are rich in antioxidants. The present study was carried out to investigate the preservative abilities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Onion (Allium cepa L) on stored soybean daddawa compared with Sodium Chloride treated samples. Soybean (Glycine max (L). Merr.) seeds fermented into soybean daddawa was preserved with both extracts (at 3, 5 and 7% concentration) and NaCl (at the concentrations of 0, 3 and 5%). The samples stored at 30±2°C for up to 14 days were analyzed for peroxide value (POV), free fatty acid (FFA), pH, titratable acidity (TTA), water absorption capacity (WAC) and fat absorption capacity (FAC). Type of solvent used in extraction did not have significant effect on all the storage indices. Extracts of Onion significantly lowered the POV, FFA and TTA generated in stored soybean daddawa. The pH of stored soybean daddawa samples treated with the NaCl and aqueous extract was not significantly affected while the ethanolic extract significantly reduced the pH from 8.26 – 8.34 to 5.72 – 5.89. The tested extracts lowered the WAC significantly while the FAC of treated soybean daddawa was not significantly affected compared to those treated with NaCl. Results of this study indicate that both extracts of Onion are more effective in lowering peroxidation in stored soybean daddawa and thus could be exploited for soybean daddawa preservation.

In this study, the effect of postharvest salicylic acid (2 mM), oxalic acid (5 mM), putrescine (2 mM) and calcium (4% CaCl2) applications on storage performance of Autumn Giant plum fruit were investigated. After applications, plum fruits were placed in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and stored for 40 days at 85-90% relative humidity conditions at 0.5±0.5°C. In order to determine the fruit quality characteristics after treatments, weight loss, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, fruit firmness, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, total phenolics and total antioxidant content analysis were performed at 10 days’ intervals. According to the results, the effect of applications on weight loss was not significant. The maximum decrease in flesh firmness, titratable acid and ascorbic acid content during storage was determined in control fruits. Although fluctuations in the form of increase or decrease in biochemical compounds were generally observed, decreases occurred according to harvest value at the end of storage period. Considering all measurements and evaluations, it was determined that application of salicylic acid and putrescine had a more positive effect on preservation of fruit quality properties and biochemical content of Autumn Giant plum cultivar during storage than other applications.

Bu araştırma, farklı azot kaynakları ile yapılan ilave yaprak gübrelemesinin marul (Lactuca sativa L.)’da verim ve nitrat birikimi üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacı ile tarla koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Bitkisel materyal olarak bir adet yaz sıcaklarına dayanıklı kıvırcık marul (cv. ‘Bohemia F1’) çeşidi, yaprak uygulaması olarak da üre (CO(NH2)2), potasyum nitrat (KNO3) ve kalsiyum nitrat (Ca(NO3)2)’ın %0,4, %0,6 ve %0,8’lik dozları kullanılarak yaprak gübrelemesi yapılmıştır. Yaprakta toplam azot değerleri %2,20 (KNO3 %0.4) ile %3,00 (Üre %0,8) arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek nitrat birikimi 2610 mg kg-1 ile Ca(NO3)2’ın %0,8’lik uygulamasında belirlenirken, en düşük nitrat birikimi ise 2070 mg kg-1 ile sadece taban gübrelemesi (NH4NO3) yapılan parselde tespit edilmiştir. Farklı azot kaynakları ile yapılan ilave yaprak gübrelemesi sonucunda marulda en yüksek verim değerleri sırasıyla 4926 kg da-1 (Üre %0,6), 4787 kg da-1 (Üre %0,8) ve 4719 kg da-1 (Ca(NO3)2 %0,6) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, diğer girdilerin eşit olduğu araştırmada; gübre masraflarını dikkate alındığında karlılık analizinde ilk üç sıra diğer gübrelere göre düşük maliyetinden dolayı, ürenin farklı dozları ile yapılan ilave yaprak gübrelemesinde tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; karlılık oranları da göz önüne alındığında üre (%0,6) ile yapılan uygulamaların hem yüksek verim hem de yüksek kar elde etmek için daha uygun ve önerilebilir ilave yaprak gübrelemesi olduğu açık bir şekilde söylenebilir.