The use of cassava for fuel ethanol production in Nigeria is supported by the Nigerian Biofuel Policy and Incentives (NBPI) of 2007. Because of its food, feed and industrial value, the need to replace cassava with crops/plants that are food and feeds neutral has motivated this research. Starch was extracted from forest anchomanes (FA) (Anchomanes difformis (Bl.) ENGL.) tubers and some of its physicochemical and elemental properties were determined. At present, the plant is uncultivated in Nigeria and other parts of Africa where it is found. Results showed that the starch content in FA tubers varied from 72.12 to 75.83%. Starch granules from all parts of the FA tubers had similar proximate, antinutrients and elemental properties and appeared usable for fuel ethanol production. However, to suggest its potential to sustainably replace cassava, further investigations are needed beyond these initial results.

The study focused on how farming communities cope with the COVID-19 pandemic in Akwa Ibom State. Specifically, how farmers are affected by the pandemic, their coping strategies, contributions of extension service towards their adaptation, and the support they need to better adapt to the pandemic were examined. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 300 respondents across the agricultural zones in the study area. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data obtained from the respondents through a well-designed questionnaire. The majority of the respondents have experienced limited access to agricultural inputs (87.9%), limited access to the market (79.6%), unavailability of the labour force at critical times of agricultural production and harvesting (68.7%), health risk and fear (72.6%), increased transportation cost (87.4%), unavailability of facemasks and hand sanitizers (89.1%), dwindling and uncertain finances (92.4%). Majority of the farmers asserted that they had to rely more on the radio (87.6%), religious leaders (67.2%), community leaders (65.4%), and extension agents (45.3%) for COVID-19-related information. They depended more on herbs and traditional medications (72.4%) and had to trek long distances to market farm produce and get inputs (69.7%) to cope with the impact of the pandemic. Contributions from extension services reported by the respondents were majorly from text messages and phone calls. The majority of the respondents solicited regular assessment of COVID-19 impacts in their communities to identify other specific challenges and needs of farmers for a better and timely response.

This study investigated how profitable and technically effective rice farming was in Quan’ Pan Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. Using a multistage sample method, 120 respondents were drawn. The study’s findings proved that the farmers were 40 years old on average. The men were higher in numbers constituting 81.0% of the study population. 83% of the people were married and a greater number (81%) of them had at least some form of formal education with a typical household size of 9 persons. Findings from the study also showed that the farmers owned an average of 2.0 hectares of farmland and had acquired an average farming experience of 12 years. For the most of them (78.0%), farming was their primary occupation. The result also demonstrated that 78.0% never accessed credit or bank loans for farming as majority (63%) of the respondents acquired their farmlands through inheritance. The entire cost (total cost) of farming operation/ha incurred by the farmers was 139733 while the average output obtained per hectare was 699kg at a prevailing market/selling price of 285/kg. The total revenue (TR) measured in naira value of 199, 215 was realized. Gross margin (GM) and net farm income (NFI) stood at 70932 and 59482 respectively. The return on investment (ROI) was 0.42 meaning that for every naira spent on rice production, a profit of 0.42 is made. Age, educational level, farm size, farming experience and extension contact all had positive direct relationship with net income from rice production at 1%. The rice growers’ mean technical efficiency score was 0.659. Major constraints to rice production were high fertilizer prices (72%), inadequate capital (53%), lack of improved seeds (47%). The research suggests that government should subsidize farming inputs like recommended fertilizer and herbicides so as to reduce the over bearing cost burden of these inputs on farmers. Financial institutions should make credit facilities available and affordable to the farmers.

Medicinal plants are quite popular in the medicine development process because they contain bioactive chemicals. Traditional medicine has made extensive use of Crataegus orientalis L., which also has significant biological effects. In this study, essential oils (EOs) of C. orientalis var. orientalis collected from Tokat-Türkiye were isolated by hydrodistillation. Chemical constituents were detected by GC-MS and benzaldehyde (%52.75), α-terpineol (%16.86), germacrene D (%7.03) and caryophyllene (%6.77) were determined as major components. Moreover, antioxidant analyses including DPPH•, ABTS+• and FRAP tests were carried out. EOs displayed good the DPPH activity (IC50, 12.21, µg/mL) in comparison to the standard BHT (IC50, 10.23 µg/mL). The same trend was observed for ABTS and FRAP assays.

Dermatophytosis is a mycotic disease of the skin that is resistant to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment efficacy of a novel antimicrobial agent, Hypochlorous Acid (HOCL), on dermatophytosis of cats and dogs, in comparison with Ketaconazole. In this study, a total of 76 animals (26 cats and 50 dogs) without any disease other than skin fungal infection after clinical, hematological, biochemical, microscopic and Wood's lamp examinations were used. Subjects were randomly assigned to two equal treatment groups within their own species as HOCL: HP and Ketaconazole: KT. Naked eye inspection results were collected on the 8th, 11th and 15th days of all patients. The study was terminated on the 15th day by collecting the Wood's lamp and microscopic examination data together with the last inspection finding. Findings were analyzed statistically with chi-square and CART (Classification and Regression Tree) algorithm test. Inspection results of the treatment groups exhibited significant recovery over time (day 8, 11 and 15) for both species (p0.05). According to the microscopic examination results, a significant statistical difference was observed between the HP and KT groups (p0.05). As a result, it was concluded that HOCl has an effect on dermatophytosis of cat and dogs, although not as much as Ketaconazole, but further studies are needed to reveal the results more clearly.

The study analyzed the effect multidimensional poverty of farm families in Madagali and Michika local government areas of Adamawa State, Nigeria after the Boko Haram Insurgncy of 2014. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the farm families and examined the multidimensional poverty status of the farm families in the study area. Multistage and simple random sampling techniques were employed in drawing 100 respondents from various communities. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty indices. Results showed that majority (57.58%) of the farm families were females, 47.89% were aged between 20 to 29 years, 79.8% were married, 55.56% had SSCE/GCE/Teachers Grade ii, 69.47% had farming as primary occupation, 33.33% had trading as secondary occupation, 61.46% had between N1100 – 10000 as income from primary source, 56.47% had between N1100 – N10000 as income from secondary source, 95% of the respondents owned land, 91.92% owned house. Majority (48.96%) of the respondents roofed their houses with thatch while 61.22% had mud as the wall material of their house. Majority (89.55%) of the respondents used firewood as cooking fuel, 49.47% leaved in a single room apartment, 63.53% had borehole as main source of drinking water, 46.24% used uncovered pit latrine and 71% of the household leaved without electricity. Monthly income of respondents, farm size and age of household head were the determinants of food security in the study area. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) headcount ratio/poverty incidence (α = 0) was 0.78. The study analyzed that there were cases striking multidimensional poverty issues in the study area which call for immediate government intervention in the study area.

The main purpose of the study is to examine the impact of drastic and proactive forest fire interventions, which are applied to avoid the risk of loss of life and property close to urban areas, on the continuity of plant species with fire-adapted characters and the potential to cause species loss. In this context, the basic assumption of the study is that the reduced frequency of fires caused by suppressed fires in natural areas in order to avoid the risk of forest fires that may affect residential areas, will lead to the reduction of various plant species that sustain their lives thanks to their fire-adaptive characters. As a qualitative data analysis method, the rates of urban and forest areas, the number of forest fires, the amount of burned area and plant species diversity data were used to deal with the study data with document analysis. In the selection of the 10 metropolitan cities that constitute the sample area of the study, the criteria of being in the Mediterranean ecosystem, containing plant species adapted to fire, and being metropolitan (where natural and built environment elements are intertwined) were taken as basis. The study will create an ecological perspective in fire prevention policies and strategies to be developed through the determination of plant species characteristics in large cities located in the fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystem.

Bu çalışmada Muş ilinde küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde son 30 yılda yaşanan değişimler, mevcut durum, sorunlar ve geleceğe yönelik çözüm önerileri ele alınmıştır. Muş ilinde nüfusun %52,5’i kırsal alanlarda yaşamakta ve çoğunluğu hayvancılıkla geçinmektedir. Koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliği için önemli bir potansiyele sahip olan il, küçükbaş hayvan varlığı bakımından Türkiye’de 15’inci sırada yer almaktadır. Çayır ve mera alanlarının toplam alana oranı (%49,7) Türkiye ortalamasının (%18,8) oldukça üzerindedir. İşletmelerin büyük bir kısmında hayvancılık meraya dayalı olarak yerli koyun ve keçi ırkları ile yürütülmektedir. Çayır-mera alanlarının ildeki hayvan varlığının yaşama payı kaba yem gereksinimlerinin %40,1’ini karşılayabileceği hesaplanmıştır. Öte yandan ilde önemli bir yem bitkileri üretim potansiyeli bulunmakta olup, yonca üretiminde Türkiye’de 4’üncü sıradadır. Ancak ilde 1990 yılında 1.642.020 baş olan küçükbaş hayvan varlığı, %23,9 oranında gerileyerek 2021 yılında 1.250.000 başa düşmüştür. Koyun varlığındaki gerileme %27,2’ye ulaşmıştır. Türkiye genelinde olduğu gibi Muş’ta da ağılların önemli bir bölümü hayvan refahı açısından yetersiz durumdadırlar. Mera alanlarına ilişkin en önemli sorun, otlatma yönetiminin doğru yapılamamasıdır. Küçükbaş hayvancılıkta sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanabilmesi için kırsal yörelerden göçü, nüfus ve iş gücünün azalmasını önleyecek teşvikler sağlanmalı, girdi maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi ve elde edilen ürünlerin katma değerlerinin artırılması için çaba gösterilmelidir. Öte yandan organik hayvancılığa geçiş ve bu yönde örgütlenmenin özellikle küçük aile işletmelerinin varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri için bir fırsat yaratacağı düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışmada, farklı oranlarda (%0-%20 ve %40) kompost içeren ortamlara bakteri ve mikoriza uygulamalarının etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada lale soğanları, 0,3 absorbans (Abs) değerine sahip bakteri süspansiyonlarına 30 dakika ve 5000 ppm mikoriza süspansiyonuna 10 saniye daldırıldıktan sonra 20 cm derinliğinde × 40 cm genişliğinde × 60 cm uzunluğundaki plastik kasalara dikilmiştir. Yetiştiricilik sonunda hasat edilen lale petallerindeki toplam fenol (µg GAE/g fw), TEAC (µmol TE/g fw) ve toplam flavonoid (mg KE/L fw) içerikleri incelenmiştir.  Çalışma sonunda, sadece kompost uygulamaları kıyaslandığında, %40 oranında kompost uygulanan ortamlardan alınan lale petallerinde en yüksek TP (28682,63 µg GAE/g fw) ve Total Flavonoid (1011,96 mg KE/L fw) ölçülürken, kompost içermeyen ortamlarda (%0) ise en yüksek TEAC (9.46 µmol TE/g fw) değeri ölçülmüştür. Bakteri ve mikoriza uygulamalarında ise, mikroorganizma uygulaması yapılmayan ortamlar, uygulama yapılan ortamlara kıyasla daha iyi sonuçlar vermiştir. Farklı kompost oranları ile bakteri uygulamalarının kombinesi sonucunda, en yüksek TP (28833,42 µg GAE/g fw) ve Total Flavonoid (1014,07 mg KE/L fw) içerikleri %40 kompost uygulaması ve bakteri uygulaması yapılan ortamlardan alınan petallerde ölçülürken, en yüksek TEAC (9,80 µmol TE/g fw) %40 oranında kompost içeren ve bakteri bulunmayan ortamlardan alınan petallerde ölçülmüştür. Farklı kompost oranları ile mikoriza uygulamalarının etkileri kıyaslandığında, %40 kompost oranı ve mikoriza uygulamasının bulunmadığı ortamlarda en yüksek TP (29944,53 µg GAE/g fw), TEAC (10,13 µmol TE/g fw) ve Total Flavonoid (1083,52 mg KE/L fw) değerleri saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kompost oranları arttıkça değerlerde artışların gerçekleştiği, mikroorganizmaların ise fitokimyasal içeriklerinde etkili olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Tends on human nutrition change every day but legumes act significant role for nutrition over the World. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a member of Leguminosae family and originated from Asia. Chickpea is rich with protein, carbohydrate, lipid and minerals. It is also sufficient for Daily requirement by view of the essential amino acids – lysine, leucine and arginine. Chickpea is also source of soluble and insoluble fibers. The nutritional fibers have favorable effects on decreasing the time of food passing through intestine, accelerating of weight loss, decreasing of total and LDL cholesterol and balancing of blood sugar level. Sustainability of agriculture is essential for sustainability of life. From this perspective, chickpea is quite important due to various agronomic advantages that may be summarized by main ones are; able to grow as winter crop, lower water requirement, wide adaptation ability to climate and soil, a good alternative for crop rotation systems in addition to health care features. Present research is realized to evaluation of second crop growing facilities in Uşak/Turkey ecology by using 4 chickpea genotypes (Azkan, Hisar, Sarı-98, Yaşa-05) by 4 sowing time (18th June, 02nd July, 16th July, 30th July) by 3 replications. The following measurements were realized; days to emergence, days to flowering, days to harvest, height of plant, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, height of first pod, seed yield and weight of hundred seeds. According to the results Yaşa-05 chickpea genotype was determined as the most adaptable in addition to the Azkan chickpea genotype was also obtained as promising to growing as second crop. Deep and long term studies are needed to achievement of more consistent results and providing to sustainability of food security, improvement of soil, better usage of natural sources and contribute to national economy.