Bu çalışma, İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren perakende balık satış yerlerindeki yetkililerin ve çalışanların sosyo-demografik özelliklerini, hijyen bilgi düzeylerini ve sektörel sorunlarını incelemiştir. Çalışma, İstanbul genelinde 60 perakende balık satış işletmesinde çalışanlarla yüz yüze anketler ve 16 Su Ürünleri Kontrol Görevlisi ile çevrimiçi anket yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların %95’inin erkek olduğu ve ağırlıklı olarak 31-55 yaş aralığında yer aldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışanların %40’ının sektörde otuz yıldan fazla deneyime sahip olduğu ve %93’ünün sattıkları ürünleri iyi tanıdığı belirlenmiştir. Su Ürünleri Kontrol Görevlilerinin %63’ü yapılan denetimlerin yetersiz olduğunu düşünürken, %50’si bu durumu personel eksikliğine bağlamaktadır. Öte yandan, perakende balık satış yerlerinde çalışanların %80’i denetimlerin balık hallerinde yoğunlaştırılması gerektiğini düşünmektedir. Çalışma, perakende balık satış yerlerinin su ürünleri sektörü içinde önemli bir yere sahip olmasına rağmen, zor çalışma koşulları nedeniyle kadınlar ve gençler için tercih edilmeyen bir iş alanı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, çalışanların hijyen uygulamalarını bilmelerine rağmen bunları iş yerlerinde uygulamadıkları ve resmi denetimlerin yetersiz kaldığı gözlemlenmiştir.

The butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) are tropical plants rich in phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols, polyphenols, and flavonoids. In this study, butterfly pea flower beverage and butterfly pea flower beverage containing purple basil were obtained using the infusion method (IM) and the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. Both extraction process were carried out at two different durations: 3 and 7 minutes. Total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) values increased in all beverage samples prepared by addition of purple basil extract. The color parameters of the samples were determined and the sensory characteristics were evaluated. This study will provide a new perspective on the extraction methods of butterfly pea flower plant, which has a characteristic blue color and contains functional biocomponents; its processing into a functional beverage; and its enrichment with purple basil, another plant rich in phytochemicals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) variation on fertility [days open (DO),  number of inseminations per pregnancy (NIPP), calving interval (CI) and gestation length (GL)] and milk yield traits [daily milk yield (dMY), lactation length (LL), lactation milk yield (LMY) and 305-days milk yield (305-dMY)] during early (< 100 d), mid (100-200 d) and late lactation (> 200 d). This study was conducted with primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows at a commercial farm having an approximate herd size of 260 heads in Kırşehir, Türkiye. A total of 107 Holstein dairy cows on the farm were selected. Milk samples were collected once a month during morning milking between 30 and 240±15 d of lactation. The somatic cell counter (DCC, DeLaval, Tumba, Sweden) was used to assess SCC (cells/ml). SCC levels were categorized into three groups (< 100 × 10³ cells/mL, 100-200 × 10³ cells/mL and > 200 × 10³ cells/mL). Cows were divided into three groups according to parity: Cows with parity 1 (first group; n = 49), cows with parity 2 (second group; n = 30) and cows with parity 3 ≤ (third group; n = 28). Parity did not influence fertility traits (P>0.05). Parity significantly affected dMY and 305-dMY, but not LL or LMY. The study found that cows with SCC < 100 × 10³ cells/mL had lower DO and CI values compared to cows with SCC 100-200 × 10³ cells/mL and > 200 × 10³ cells/mL during mid-lactation, although no statistical differences were observed in the NIPP, GL, dMY, LL, LMY and 305-dMY values. A positive correlation was observed between SCC groups and DO during mid-lactation. These findings suggest that SCC can be used as an indicator in indirect selection programs to achieve shorter DO and CI in Holstein cows.

Climate change poses a significant global challenge that exacerbates existing social, economic, and cultural inequalities, particularly through the lens of gender. This review systematically investigates the gendered dimensions of climate change impacts, focusing on the unique challenges faced by women and men in rural areas, as well as the adaptive strategies employed to mitigate these effects. This study employed a systematic literature review approach following established protocols. A structured search strategy was implemented across various academic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect) and trusted sources (United Nations Women, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Women, often responsible for critical tasks such as water collection, fuel gathering, and food production, experience heightened burdens due to limited access to land, financial resources, and decision-making platforms. Conversely, men are disproportionately affected by job losses in climate-sensitive sectors, leading to economic insecurity and shifts in traditional family roles. The central hypothesis guiding this review posits that addressing gender disparities in climate adaptation and mitigation is essential for achieving social justice and enhancing the effectiveness of climate action. This review underscores the critical need for inclusive and equitable strategies that foster resilience and sustainability in vulnerable communities while highlighting the intersectionality of gender and climate change. Strategies identified include capacity-building initiatives, inclusive policies, gender-responsive financing mechanisms, and participatory governance. Integrating indigenous knowledge and promoting cross-sectoral collaboration are pivotal for fostering equitable resilience. Achieving these goals necessitates collective action to dismantle structural barriers, ensuring that climate policies address the needs of all stakeholders. This study contributes to the growing recognition that sustainable communities cannot be achieved without addressing gendered impacts and fostering inclusive solutions for a more equitable future.

One of the major factor contributing to the decreased yield of cauliflower in Nepal is incorrect fungicide selection and dosages. Alternaria leaf spot (ALS) caused by Alternaria brassicicola, is a devastating disease that significantly reduces the quantity and quality of cauliflower. In vitro evaluation of seven different fungicides was done in a completely randomized design with five replications at different doses i.e., 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, and 200 ppm. All the tested fungicides significantly reduced (P≤0.001) mycelial growth of the pathogen in the poisoned food technique. The greatest reduction in mycelium growth was observed with hexaconazole and azoxystrobin + tebuconazole at the lowest tested concentration (50 ppm). Maximum inhibition of A. brassicicola growth was demonstrated by azoxystrobin + propiconazole at 200 ppm, followed by azoxystrobin + difenoconazole and copper oxychloride. The fungicides that were found effective in inhibiting mycelial growth should be tested under field conditions with multi-location and multi-strains pathogens to ensure that they meet specific requirements related to host and environment interaction. This will help to confirm their efficacy and determine the best application doses.

Tarım sektörü, yüksek enerji tüketimi ve çevresel etkileriyle öne çıkan bir alandır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, mandarin üretim süreçlerindeki enerji kullanımını ve karbon emisyonlarını analiz ederek, çevresel sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak adına çözüm önerileri sunmaktır. 2021-2022 üretim sezonunda Adana ilinde gerçekleştirilen araştırma, mandarin üretiminin çevreye olan etkilerine ilişkin önemli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Elde edilen verilere göre, mandarin üretiminde kullanılan enerjinin büyük bir kısmı kimyasal gübreler (%33,88), sulama suyu (%23,94) ve pestisitlerden (%23,10) gelmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, mandarin üretiminde toplam enerji girdisi 41604,60 MJ ha-1, enerji çıktısı ise 156582,40 MJ ha-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Üretim faaliyetlerinin toplam karbon emisyonu 954,69 kg CO2-eq kg-1 seviyesinde bulunmuş olup, emisyonların %25,97'sinin azotlu gübre kullanımından kaynaklandığı belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, mandarin üretiminde enerji verimliliğini artırmak için özellikle kimyasal gübre kullanımının azaltılmasının önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Enerji tüketimini optimize etmek ve karbon emisyonlarını düşürmek adına, çevre dostu ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımının teşvik edilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Özellikle, kimyasal gübrelerin yerine çiftlik gübresi ve organik gübre gibi alternatiflerin kullanılması, mandarin üretiminden kaynaklanan çevresel etkilerin azaltılmasına katkı sağlayabilir.

Microalgae have been utilized to produce various products such as pharmaceuticals, food additives, biofuels, and in processes like wastewater treatment and carbon dioxide fixation. However, scaling up production systems to provide necessary capacities of industrial scale remains a challenge. Photobioreactors, of this scale, have traditionally been limited to large open ponds or raceway systems, which require extensive land and produce low-density cultures. To achieve high-density cultures, closed systems must be developed by optimizing light, photosynthetic microorganisms, and nutrients. This study explores the optimization of light sources in photobioreactors to improve the efficiency of photosynthetic microorganisms used in various biotechnological applications. Various light sources, including LEDs, fluorescent, and incandescent lamps, were analyzed for their photon output and energy consumption at specific wavelengths crucial for photosynthesis. LEDs (with peak wavelength of 643nm) were found to be most efficient light source in the PAR range, particularly influencing the photosynthetic rates of microorganisms by converting electrical energy into useful photons, as determined by the antenna pigments of photosynthetic microorganisms. The research underscores the importance of selecting optimal lighting to enhance yields in microalgae-based production systems at lowest cost, suggesting a potential shift towards more efficient, controlled environmental conditions for higher productivity.

Reproductive biotechnology in Bangladesh, especially artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and embryo production, has significantly advanced in cattle, goats, and buffaloes. AI, introduced in 1958, plays a crucial role in livestock breeding, particularly dairy cattle, with 70% AI coverage. Programs by organizations like Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), Milk Vita, and government initiatives have helped to improve genetic quality and address the shortage of breeding males. Conception rates vary by species: cattle (45.33-83%), goats (40.0-88.89%), sheep (26.7-56.37%), and buffaloes (25 to 56.7%), depending on factors such as semen quality, heat detection, timing, thawing, and technician skills. Hormonal treatments (GnRH, PGF2α) and synchronization methods (cloprostenol, FGA, double AI) have improved reproductive outcomes. IVF technologies promise to goat embryo production, especially with bovine serum albumin (BSA). IVF also holds potential for genetic improvement and the preservation of animal genetic resources. Optimized IVF techniques, oocyte vitrification, and hormonal treatments have improved fertility in cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Buffaloes have benefited from supplements like BSA, Stem Cell Factor, and Theophylline, while goats have seen optimized embryo production using goat follicular fluid and ovaries without a corpus luteum. Despite progress, challenges remain, including a shortage of skilled technicians, high costs, and limited infrastructure. Smallholder farmers struggle to access modern reproductive technologies and quality semen. The future of reproductive biotechnology in Bangladesh depends on expanding AI, IVF, estrous synchronization, and semen sexing. Investment in training, infrastructure, supportive policies, public-private partnerships and financial incentives, is crucial to enhance productivity, genetic diversity, and sustainability in the livestock sector. Addressing these areas will ensure a transformative impact on livestock productivity, rural livelihoods, and national economic growth.

The study aimed to determine the effects of biochar obtained from rice husk and corn harvest residues on the growth, nutritional content and some biochemical properties of basil plants. Both biochars were applied by mixing them into potting soil at 2% and 5% rates. To determine the effect of applications on plant development, the height and weight of plants and leaf weights, and number of side branches were recorded. Additionally, chlorophyll content (SPAD), phenol content, antioxidant content and P, Mg, Ca, K, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and B concentrations in the leaves were determined. Compared to the control, significant increases were detected in the leaf weights, height and weights of the plants grown in all pots containing biochar. The highest plants were obtained from 5% rice biochar (RB5) treatment. The highest leaf weight and the highest number of side branches were also observed. in the RB5 treatment. Leaf K contents in RB5 and maize harvest residue biochar (CB) treatments were higher compared to the control. Leaf B, Fe and Mn contents were lower in certain biochar treatments than the control. Biochar applications did not cause a significant change in the antioxidant and chlorophyll content of basil plants. The total phenolic content significantly increased only in RB5 treatment. The effect of biochar application varied depending on the application rate and the properties of the biomass from which the biochar was obtained. Therefore, it is not possible to draw a general conclusion about the effects of biochar applications on plant growth. Contradictory results can be obtained depending on the type of plants and biochars and the characteristics of the growth medium.

In dairy farms, water is crucial for the health, productivity, and welfare of animals. Water is a fundamental component in all biological processes, and insufficient water intake can negatively impact milk production, reproductive health, and overall animal welfare. The water requirement for dairy cattle depends on various factors such as age, weight, milk yield, environmental temperature, and nutritional status. An adult dairy cow can consume approximately 80-150 liters of water per day. This requirement increases in high-yielding cows. Adequate water intake directly affects milk production, as approximately 87% of milk is composed of water. The quality of water is as crucial as its quantity. This study investigates the quality of drinking water in dairy farms within Niğde Province, Turkey, focusing on its implications for livestock health and productivity. Water samples were collected from 11 livestock enterprises, encompassing water tanks and troughs, and analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, nitrate (NO₃), nitrite (NO₂), and phosphate phosphorus (PO₄) concentrations. Results showed EC values averaging 0.803 dSm⁻¹, within acceptable standards for livestock, although high concentrations in certain tanks raised concerns regarding mineral content and potential health impacts. The pH ranged from 7.27 to 8.20, remaining suitable for all livestock classes. NO₃ concentrations averaged 21.834 mgL⁻¹, with no samples below the 10 mgL⁻¹ threshold, highlighting risks from prolonged exposure. In contrast, NO₂ concentrations averaged 0.251 mgL⁻¹, remaining within safe limits. PO₄ concentrations were minimal, averaging 0.056 mgL⁻¹, and posed no significant risks. The findings underscore the importance of periodic water quality monitoring in livestock farms to mitigate risks of contamination and ensure optimal health and productivity. These findings highlight the necessity for customized water management techniques to fit particular farm settings and advance our understanding of the complex effects of water quality on livestock performance.