Agroforestry is a system that combines household and community level food production ecosystem services along with income security. It has potential of carbon sequestration and puts a positive impact on balancing greenhouse gases. The research was carried out to assess the variability of carbon stock under the agro-forestry systems in Churiya range at Rakshirang Rural Municipality of Makwanpur district of Nepal. Thirty households were sampled for this study; ten households from each of three different systems namely, Agrisilviculture, Silvopasture and Homegarden for data collection. Simple random sampling was used for the sample plot selection from the selected agroforestry systems for biomass and soil carbon estimation. Each system consisted of ten sample plots. Diameter and height of all trees with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm were measured. The diameters of the trees were measured at standard height, i.e., diameter at breast height. Above ground biomass, below ground biomass and soil organic carbon were summed to determine the total carbon stock in the agroforestry systems. Collected data were analyzed through tabular analysis, and volume and biomass estimation of the trees. Total carbon stock was found higher in Silvopasture system (32.41t/ha), 28.58 t/ha in Agrisilviculture system and 30.71 t/ha in Homegarden system. Results have shown the potentiality of agroforestry systems for carbon sequestration. Such systems need to be promoted for their efforts by encouraging them with some subsidized input support, financial support or some capacity building trainings by the government.

One of the cornerstones of a developed economy is undoubtedly the agricultural sector. Agriculture is at the center of both human nutrition and economic activities. The use of drones, especially in the process of spraying fields, has the potential to increase the efficiency of agricultural production. Drones can be programmed to scan the field and spray pesticides on these areas. This allows farmers to manage the processes of protecting their crops and removing pests more effectively. Spraying with drones minimizes the negative effects encountered in spraying with tractor-drawn machines. Drones can easily reach places that tractor-drawn machine cannot reach and can spray more precisely. In addition, thanks to drones, the need for labor is also reduced, so that one person can spray a large area in a short time. In this study, the process of spraying with drones was observed in detail by a company with an unmanned aerial vehicle-2 (UAV) license for agricultural spraying. This modern spraying method using drones was meticulously evaluated step by step. In traditional methods, farmers or workers may be directly exposed to pesticides while spraying with tractor-drawn machines, but thanks to drones, this exposure is minimized, which provides a great advantage in terms of occupational health and safety (OHS). In addition, the speed of the work process, less use of water and pesticides, and the need for labor are among the advantages. However, the problem of not being able to connect to GPS, accidents that may occur under the command of the drone, and limitations such as adverse weather conditions can be considered disadvantages of drone spraying. The findings reveal how drone spraying has transformed agriculture.

Seed maturation in hemp is not homogeneous, and the harvest is done when the seeds are 70-80% mature. This study was carried out to determine the germination and emergence performance of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds at different maturation stages. Mature, semi-mature and immature seeds were used as material in the study. The study was carried out as two separate experiments, germination and emergence. The germination test was carried out in petri dishes and the emergence test in viols. Both experiments were carried out according to the randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Germination rate (%), shoot and root length (mm), shoot and root fresh weight (mg plant-1) and shoot and root dry weight (mg plant-1) parameters were investigated in the germination study. In the emergence study, the emergence rate (%), seedling and root length (mm), seedling and root fresh weight (mg plant-1), and seedling and root dry weight (mg plant-1) values were examined. In the germination study, semi-mature seeds germinated but did not develop. Therefore, no data could be obtained from other parameters except germination rate. In germination study, germination rate varied between 6.67 and 84.67%, shoot length 27.2-38 mm, root length 39.4-50.8 mm, shoot fresh weight 30.66-49.89 mg plant-1, root fresh weight 4.32-7.69 mg plant-1, shoot dry weight 3.25-7.99 mg plant-1, root dry weight 0.68-2.03 mg plant-1. In the emergence study, emergence rate ranged between 5.18-82.69%, shoot length 68-136.4 mm, root length 37.4-69.6 mm, shoot fresh weight 60.33-154.80 mg plant-1, root fresh weight 27.30-46.73 mg plant-1, shoot dry weight 3.97-10.24 mg plant-1, root dry weight 2.61-5.43 mg plant-1. In both experiments, the highest values obtained from all the examined traits were obtained from mature seeds. In both studies, the highest values were obtained from mature seeds for all traits examined. Semi-mature and immature seeds gave similar results in terms of the traits examined.

Bu çalışma, aç bırakılmadan kırılmış arpa tüketimine dayalı tüy dökümü uygulamasında, farklı sıcaklık ve canlı ağırlıkların yumurta tavuklarının performansı, yumurta kalitesi, bazı organ ağırlıkları ve bacak kemiği özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışmada, zenginleştirilmiş kafeslerde yetiştirilen 80 haftalık yaşta 288 adet kahverengi yumurtacı tavuk (Lohmann Brown-Classic) kullanılmıştır. Tavuklar tüy dökümü öncesi canlı ağırlık (hafif, orta ve ağır) ve sıcaklık (kontrol ve döngüsel sıcaklık) gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Tüy dökümü döneminde, tavuklar kontrol grubunda 21-22°C'de, döngüsel sıcaklık grubunda ise günlük 10:00-18:00 saatleri arasında 32°C'de ve 18:00-10:00 saatleri arasında 21-22°C'de tutulmuştur. Tüy dökümü programı gruplardaki tavukların 35 günde canlı ağırlıklarının %25'ini kaybetmesini sağlamış ve bu dönemde tavuk ölümü olmamıştır. Tavukların tüy dökümü sonrası performansları perdeli bir kümeste üç ay bahar ve bir ay yaz mevsimi koşullarında incelenmiştir. Tüy dökümü periyodundaki döngüsel yüksek sıcaklık uygulaması, verim dönemi performansını etkilememiş, ancak yumurtaların kırılma direnci, Haugh birimi ve ak indeksini iyileştirmiştir. Ayrıca, canlı ağırlığı yüksek tavuklarda, tüy dökümü sonrası dönemde yumurta ağırlığı, tibia ağırlığı, uzunluğu, genişliği, kırılma direnci ile femurun ağırlığını ve kırılma direncini artmıştır. Yumurta verimi, yumurta ağırlığı, yemden yararlanma oranı ve yumurta kalite özellikleri tüy dökümü sonrası dönemde, tüy dökümü öncesine göre önemli ölçüde iyileşmiştir. Tüy dökümü döneminde tavuklarda, dalak ağırlığı artarken, yumurtalık, yumurta kanalı ve karaciğer ağırlıkları önemli ölçüde azalmıştır. Tüy dökümü döneminde uygulanan döngüsel yüksek sıcaklığın ikinci verim döneminde bazı yumurta kalite özelliklerini olumlu etkilediği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Potato common scab incited by pathogenic Streptomyces spp. is a significant soil-borne disease leading to serious economic losses in potato tubers worldwide. However, there is limited information available in Egypt regarding the pathogenicity, prevalence, and variety of Streptomyces spp. inciting common scab. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the aspects of identifying and characterizing Streptomyces spp. obtained from scabby tubers as well as to evaluate their pathogenicity. In the present investigation, nine isolates of Streptomyces spp. were obtained from various scab lesion symptoms. Of these, the Ag2 and Man strains exhibited pathogenic traits. The pathogenicity assays demonstrated that the strains induced necrotic lesions on tuber slices and abnormal growth of radish seedlings. In potato pot trail, The Ag2 isolates caused deep-pitted lesions with a disease index of 73.30%. Additionally, tubers inoculated with the Man isolate exhibited visible brown raised lesions, resulting in a disease index of 63.97%. Subsequently, the strains were characterized based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic levels. Phylogenetic tree derived from 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that Ag2 and Man strains share 100% sequence similarity with Streptomyces caviscabies ATCC 51928 and Streptomyces enissocaesilis NRRL B-16365, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that S. caviscabies and S. enissocaesilis are capable of causing CS disease in potatoes and may pose a potential threat to potato cultivation in Egypt.

This study proposes a reliable and easy understandable statistical solution for the selection of varieties in the balanced and partially balanced lattice experiments, which are widely used in plant breeding studies. For this purpose, the Analysis of Means (ANOM) was adapted to the balanced, simple and triple lattice designs and an R function is developed for it. The adapted ANOM approach was compared with the Tukey, Duncan and Fisher’s LSD tests with respect to the actual type I error rate in all of the balanced, simple and triple lattice designs. In addition to this, the ANOM approach and Tukey test were examined comparatively using a hypothetical example. According to the simulation results, LSD and Duncan could not maintain the actual type I error rate at 5.00% under any conditions. This situation became more dramatic with the increase in the number of groups. While the actual type I error rate for LSD and Duncan tests varied between 54.36%-100.00% and 37.49%-99.96%, respectively, for ANOM and Tukey tests it varied between 4.64%-6.08% and 4.62%-6.45%, respectively. ANOM and Tukey tests were quite successful in terms of maintaining the actual type I error rate. However, since the number of groups in lattice designs was quite high, the given hypothetical example showed that it would be more understandable to use the ANOM method.

The aim of this study is to examine the essential oil ratios and components of fresh and dried peppermint leaves cultured in Kırşehir ecological conditions. To obtain essential oil from the leaves of the peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), it was subjected to hydrodistillation for 3 hours using a Clevenger type apparatus. GC-MS analysis was performed with the Shimadzu QP2010-Ultra GC-MS system. Relative percentages of separated compounds were calculated from total ion chromatograms. Identification of the components of peppermint essential oil was based on Wiley and NIST mass spectral library. The essential oil percentages obtained from fresh and dried peppermint leaves were determined as 0.84% ​​and 2.6%, respectively. The major components of the essential oil of fresh Mentha piperita L. leaves were determined as menthol (43.28%), menthone (19.68%), eucalyptol (7.60%), pulegone (3.41%), β-Caryophyllene (2.10%), Germacrene-D (1.82%) and veridifluorol (1.1%). The major components of the essential oil of dried peppermint leaves were determined as menthol (45.95%), menthone (19.00%), eucalyptol (8.06%), pulegone (2.23%), β-Caryophyllene (2.72%), Germacrene-D (2.21%) and veridiflorol (0.81%). The highest essential oil ratio, the highest menthol and the highest menthone ratio were obtained from dried peppermint leaves. Results, it was determined that there were significant differences between the essential oil ratios and components of dried and fresh leaf peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) cultivated in Kırşehir ecological conditions.

Inbreeding increases homozygosity, resulting in a loss of alleles and lower genetic variation than the parental population. In a small population, this low genetic variation and homozygosity can quickly lead to adverse effects. This study was conducted on a flock of pigeons with 32 adult pigeons. A disease characterized by dyspnea, anorexia, vomiting and sudden death has occurred in birds. Mortality and morbidity were recorded during the outbreak. The inbreeding coefficient was determined in the flock, with pedigree records going back 12 years. Although not significant, the inbreeding coefficient of dead birds are lower than that of symptomatic or healthy birds. It is also seen that there is no statistical significance in terms of inbreeding depression in morbidity or mortality status. The result indicated that inbreeding depression in morbidity and mortality was not observed in this particular disease case.

In this research, the interpretations of dental disease in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) suffering from miscellaneous disorders with the use of radiographic anatomical reference lines; additionally, clinical examinations of these cases were presented. The measurements were made on the images of rabbit cranium skull radiographs (n=25). In the examination of incisors, malocclusion (n=19), abnormal prolongation (n=11), penetration of the palatal bone cortex (n=10), and fractures (n=6) were detected. Retrograde elongation in maxillar cheek teeth (n=20), alveolar penetration in mandibular cortex (n=20), root resorption (n=9), and cheek teeth malocclusions (n=20) were detected in the examination of cheek teeth. The most common complaints assigned to the presented patients were diarrhea, mandibular swelling, abnormal elongation of teeth, epiphora, tooth breakage, and loss of appetite. All rabbits suffering from dental disease were also assessed for eye disorders, and tooth-related eye problems were determined in 9 cases. In two cases was more than one problem. Distribution of disease was determined as follows; epiphora (n=6), dacryocystitis (n=2), conjunctivitis (n=2) and exophthalmos (n=1). In addition to a detailed physical examination, radiographic evaluation is important for diagnosis of dental diseases in rabbits. The long mouth cavity with limited opening and similar characteristics of rabbit mouth make it difficult to examine and intervene; in this case, radiographic reference lines offer an important advantage.

Pelargonium graveolens (rose-scented geranium) plants have been used since ancient times in food, cosmetics, perfumery, traditional medicine, and the pharmaceutical industries due to the pleasant fragrance of the essential oil obtained from its leaves. In this study, the essential oil content and components of rose-scented geranium cultivated in two different regions, Kırşehir in Central Anatolia and Adana in the Eastern Mediterranean, were investigated. The essential oil content of the plants from Kırşehir was determined to be 0.70%, while that of the plants from Adana was 0.34%. The main components of the essential oil of geranium cultivated in Kırşehir were citronellol (35.05%), geraniol (8.29%), and citronellyl formate (10.59%). In Adana, the essential oil components were citronellol (29.71%), geraniol (4.31%), and citronellyl formate (16.10%). The study shows that different locations significantly affect the essential oil content and chemical composition of rose-scented geranium.