For Turkish society, bread has been an indispensable part of the kitchen and daily life throughout history. Due to its high consumption in Turkish society, it plays an important role in terms of both health and nutritional habits. Contamination from the soil where wheat is planted to the bread making process is of great importance for health. In this study, the amounts of heavy metals such as aluminum, copper, nickel, chromium, manganese, iron, lead and cadmium in the soil of an agricultural land, in flour obtained from wheat grown there and in bread made from this flour were investigated using ICP-MS. The average levels of Al, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Fe, Pb and As in soil samples were 120.46, 12.23, 44.9, 93.46, 10.83, 2.06, 196.87, 1.96 and 0.21 mg/kg, respectively. In flour samples, these levels were 17.20, 2.03, 28.93, 26.3, 3.37, 0.09, 30.93, 1.37 and 0.03 mg/kg, respectively. In bread samples, 11.27, 0.77, 8.27, 18.63, 0.4, 0.02, 12.76, 0.04 and 0.001 mg/kg, respectively. The results obtained show that high metal levels in the soil are also found in bread. This indicates that heavy metal levels in bread may pose health risks in long-term consumption. Especially levels of aluminum, nickel, chromium and cadmium metals can cause serious health problems. Therefore, it is important to reduce heavy metal contamination in agriculture and production processes and to conduct regular inspections. Compliance with maximum limits set by health authorities and regulatory agencies is also critical for public health.

Son yıllarda tüketicilerin doğal ürünleri tüketmeye yönelik eğilimlerinin artması ile birlikte olumsuz etkileri olmayan, çevre dostu, güvenli ve yüksek antimikrobiyal etkiye sahip biyokoruyucular, gıda endüstrisinde alternatif antimikrobiyal ajanlar olarak daha önemli bir konuma gelmiştir. Laktik asit bakterileri tarafından doğal süreçler sonucu üretilen bakteriyosinler gıda güvenilirliğinin sağlanması ve kalitesinin arttırılması açısından önemli bir potansiyel sunmaktadır. Bakteriyosinler logaritmik fazda ya da logaritmik fazın sonunda ribozomal olarak sentezlenen ve antagonistik etkiye sahip olan antimikrobiyal peptitlerdir. Bakteriyosinler, Gram-pozitif ve Gram-negatif bakteriler üzerine hücre zarında gözenek oluşumu ve hücre duvarı yapısının bozulması gibi çeşitli etki mekanizmalarına sahiptir. Bakteriyosinlerin karakterize edilebilmesi için saflaştırma proseslerinin verimli olması oldukça önemlidir. Ayrıca, geri kazanım verimini arttırmak amacıyla mikroorganizmaların üreme koşullarının optimize edilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bakteriyosinlerin ısıya karşı stabil olmaları, yüksek sıcaklıkta işlem gören birçok gıda maddesinde kullanılabilirliklerini arttırmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, bakteriyosinlerin sınıflandırılması, etki mekanizması, üretimine etki eden faktörler, optimizasyonu, saflaştırılması ve karakterizasyonunun yanı sıra gıda sistemlerindeki inhibitör etkinlikleri ele alınmıştır.

The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-genotoxic potential of thymoquinone (TQ) against DNA damage in NRK-52E cells treated with high glucose using the comet assay technique single cell gel electrophoresis method. Cells were propagated by regular passages in in vitro conditions. TQ proliferative concentration (10μM) and IC25 (3rd-hour: 550 mM, 12th-hour: 240 mM, 24th-hour: 200 mM) and IC50 (3rd-hour: 760 mM, 12th-hour: 400 mM, 24th-hour: 280 mM) values for each hour of high glucose and were determined separately with MTT method. At these concentrations, the cells were divided into control(C), Thymoquinone (TQ), high glucose(G) and high glucose plus thymoquinone (GT) groups; It was incubated with the indicated substances for 3, 12, 24 hours. DNA damage was evaluated by applying the comet assay protocol and the results were calculated as DNA damage index (DDI). While DDI levels were observed to be significantly higher (p<0.05) in all groups administered high glucose compared to the control, a significant decrease was determined in all groups in which TQ was added along with high glucose. It was determined that high concentrations of glucose had genotoxic effects on kidney cells, and TQ administration together with high glucose, depending on concentration and time, had a significant effect on reducing DNA damage. However, it was concluded that the application of only thymoquinone significantly increased the DDI value compared to the control, and this was a data worth investigating in future studies. Additionally, TQ inhibited DNA damage. These results demonstrated the importance of TQ against nephrotic syndrome with its high antioxidant properties.

Bu çalışmada beç tavuklarına kapalı yetiştirme şartlarında uygulanan çevresel zenginleştirmenin besi performansı, kesim ve et kalite özellikleri ile bazı davranış özelliklerine etkilerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi BOZOKTUAM Yerköy Hayvancılık işletmesinde yürütülmüş olup, hayvan materyalini 200 adet günlük yaşta beç tavuğu oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada, çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan ve uygulanmayan iki farklı muamele grubu oluşturulmuştur. Beç tavukları her iki muamele grubunda da 5 tekerrürlü olarak altlıklı yer sisteminde yetiştirilmiştir. Çevresel zenginleştirme grubunda tüneme tahtaları, taş materyalleri ve yeşillik yemliği objeleri yer almıştır. Beç tavukları kuluçkadan çıkıştan sonra muamele gruplarına rastgele dağıtılmış ve 13 haftalık kesim yaşına kadar aynı kümes ortamında büyütülmüştür. Çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan grupta daha düşük kesim ağırlığı gerçekleşmiş ve yemden yararlanma oranı 10 ve 12 haftalık yaşta kontrol grubunda daha iyi bulunmuştur. Kesim ağırlığı ve sıcak karkas ağırlığı çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan grupta daha düşük bulunmuştur. Çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan beç tavuklarında daha yüksek eşinme, koşma, yem yeme ve su içme, kabarma ve kanat çırpma ile tüy temizleme davranışı gözlenmiştir. Tüy gagalama davranışı ve yatma davranışı ise çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanmayan (kontrol grubu) beç tavuklarında daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma kapalı ortamda yetiştirilen beç tavuklarında çevresel zenginleştirme uygulamalarının genel performans, karkas ve et kalite özelliklerinde önemli bir değişime neden olmadan doğal davranışların sergilenme düzeyini artırarak daha yüksek bir refaha katkı sağlayabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

Küresel gıda talebindeki hızlı artış nedeniyle yüksek kaliteli hayvansal ürün üretiminin artırılması gerekliliği, modern hayvancılık uygulamalarında teknoloji kullanımı ihtiyacını beraberinde getirmiştir. Özellikle ekstansif koşullarda küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde hayvanların otomatik olarak izlenmesi ve yönetilmesi, verimliliğin artırılması açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu noktada, insansız hava araçlarından elde edilen yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüler ile derin öğrenme algoritmalarının birleştirilmesi, sürülerin uzaktan takip edilmesinde etkili çözümler sunma potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, insansız hava araçlarından (İHA) elde edilen yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüler üzerinde derin öğrenme algoritmaları kullanılarak kıl keçilerinin otomatik olarak tespit edilmesi, takip edilmesi ve sayılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, en güncel You Only Look Once (YOLOv8) mimari varyasyonlarından YOLOv8n, YOLOv8s, YOLOv8m, YOLOv8l ve YOLOv8x olmak üzere beş farklı model gerçek hayvan izleme uçuşlarından elde edilen İHA görüntüleri üzerinde eğitilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, 0,95 F1 skoru ve 0,99 mAP50 değeri ile hem sınırlayıcı kutu tespiti hem de segmentasyon performansı açısından en yüksek başarımı YOLOv8s mimarisi göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, önerilen derin öğrenme tabanlı yaklaşımın, İHA destekli hassas hayvancılık uygulamalarında etkili, düşük maliyetli ve sürdürülebilir bir çözüm olabileceği öngörülmektedir.

This study aims to assess the sustainability level of viticulture farms in Batman province and identify the factors that hinder their sustainability. The data used for the study were collected in the 2021 production year through surveys of 94 farms. A composite sustainability index was developed to measure the sustainability level of viticultural activities. Positive or endogenous weighting methods, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were used to reduce the number of sustainability indicators and determine their weights. The index values for economic, environmental, and social sustainability were found to be 0.40, 0.44, and 0.53, respectively. The overall sustainability index value for the farms was calculated as 0.43. The study also highlighted that 46.81% of the farms are at risk in terms of sustainability, with larger farms showing better sustainability performance compared to smaller ones.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of partially replacing the commercial soybean meal (SBM) with a home-treated, locally produced raw-full fat soybean (RFFSB) in the diets of broilers. A 3×2×2+1 factorial arrangement was used to conduct this feeding trial. A test ingredient (RFFSB) was differently soaked (0, 6 or 12 hrs), drained, boiled (25 or 35 min) and sundried. Following this, it was hammered to pass through a 0.2-mm sieve, then 12 experimental diets were formulated, replacing the SBM by such a home-treated-RFFSB at 50 or 75%. The control diet didn’t contain any RFFSBN. Totally 13 experimental diets were prepared and every treatment was replicated 3 times and 10 chicks per replicate. The results revealed that replacing the commercial SBM by a treated RFFSB had no significant interaction effects on any measured parameter. However, soaking and then boiling it (RFFSB) had significant (P<0.05) interaction effect on the BWTG (1-13d and 14-28d). When increasing the soaking time, the FI (feed intake), BWTG (body weight gain) and feed efficiency were significantly (P<0.05) decreased. When increasing the boiling duration, both FI and feed efficiency (14-28d) were improved. But, when increasing the replacement rate of RFFSB, the feed efficiency was deteriorated. Broilers fed on both control and diets, containing a non-soaked RFFSB had higher (P<0.05) BWTG (1-13d). Birds fed on diets containing RFFSB that was soaked for the longest period (12 hrs) had significantly lower BWTG. Birds fed on diets, containing prolonged boiling duration had significantly (P<0.05) higher BWTG and feed efficiency. There was no interaction (P> 0.05) effect on both carcass yield and cut-products. Neither increasing a boiling time nor a replacement rate had (P<0.05) any influence on the WT (weight) of the carcass. Birds on both control and on non-soaked RFFSB diets had better WT of carcass products. There was no interaction (P>0.05) effect on organ developments. However, increasing the soaking-duration significantly (P<0.05) reduced the organ developments. Therefore, it is concluded that commercial SBM can be replaced by a non-soaked, but boiled raw soybean in diets of broilers.

Limited studies have focused on plant growth performance using organic-based solutions complemented with mineral elements in a hydroponic system. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the growth performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as influenced by cow dung extract combined with a hydroponic nutrient solution. Treatments considered as four different levels of aerated cow dung extracts (C), viz., C1 = 50 g l-1, C2 =100 g l-1, C3 =150 g l-1 and C4 =200 g l-1 and four strengths of standard nutrient solution (S), viz, S1 = 30% of standard nutrient solution, S2 = 40% of standard nutrient solution, S3 = 50% of standard nutrient solution and S4 = 60% of standard nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out using a deep flow technique in a semi-greenhouse. Various growth and physiological parameters were measured in this experiment. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis with 4 replicates by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS. In the case of growth parameters, the tallest plant (23.54 cm), maximum number of leaves per plant (17.01) broadest leaf (13.32 cm), and the highest fresh weight (112.05 g/plant) were recorded from C3 while the lowest in C1. For hydroponic nutrient solution, the tallest plant (23.13 cm), the maximum number of leaves per plant (16.66), the widest leaf breath (14.17 cm), and the highest fresh weight (116.0 g/plant) were recorded from S4 while the lowest in S1. On the other hand, physiological traits viz. leaf area, net assimilation ratio, and relative growth rate were statistically higher in C3 and lowest in C1. In the nutrient solution, all physiological parameters were highest in S4 and the lowest in S1. In the case of the interaction effect, the highest fresh weight and almost all the parameters were found best in C3S4 and the lowest in C1S1. Therefore, the analysis showed that in terms of growth promotion properties hydroponic nutrient solution along with cow dung extract had a substantial impact and C3S4 was the most preferable treatment combination. Based on these findings, in a hydroponic system, an inorganic nutrient solution combined with organic liquid fertilizer derived from cow dung extract (as an alternative nutrient source) requires further improvements to achieve optimal growth and yield.

In the present study, some microbial, chemical, and physicochemical characteristics occurring during ripening were observed in unpackaged and vacuum-packed Kashar cheese samples. Some microbial and chemical properties of Kashar cheese samples were studied Also, the free fatty acid ratio was determined with the SDS-Page Electrophoresis to determine proteolysis during the ripening period and with the High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) for lipolysis. Physical, chemical, and microbiological analyzes were made at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days of ripening during which the changes in the number of microbiologically total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., yeast-mold, lipolytic, and proteolytic bacteria were determined. In the present study, % lactic acid, pH, dry matter percentage, color parameters (L, a and b values) and water activity (aw) were analyzed during ripening and the changes during storage were defined. Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., TAMB, and proteolytic bacteria counts and % lactic acid ratios were higher in vacuum-packed Kashar cheeses. It was found that lipolysis and proteolysis were higher in cheese samples stored open during ripening.

Dahi is a fermented milk product containing probiotic lactic acid bacteria. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize lactic acid-producing bacteria from native Dahi and evaluate their viability in orange juice using natural prebiotics. Dahi samples were obtained from local shops in Chattogram and Bogura, Bangladesh. Lactic acid-producing bacteria were isolated using MRS (de Mann Rogosa and Sharpe) medium. The isolated bacteria were identified through colony morphology, biochemical tests, and probiotic characteristics. Molecular identification was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting conserved 16S rDNA regions. Isolates of the genus Lactobacillus and Lactococcus lactis sp. Lactis were confirmed and used to develop probiotic orange juice. Prebiotics (Asparagus falcatus and Zingiber officinale) were added to the juice to support probiotic growth. The inoculated cell’s viability and the juice’s physicochemical parameters were evaluated during fermentation (48 hours) and storage (28 days). All fruit juice samples showed a mean number of viable cells of at least 1×105 CFU/mL during the 48-hour fermentation and 28-day storage in the refrigerator. Using natural prebiotics positively affected the survival of lactic acid bacteria, as demonstrated by bacterial colony growth on Petri dishes. Developing probiotic fruit juice enriched with prebiotics could be an effective alternative for individuals allergic or intolerant to milk-based products. Incorporating lactic acid bacteria from native Dahi into orange juice, combined with natural prebiotics, resulted in viable probiotic cells throughout fermentation and storage.