Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarım piyasalarının finansal piyasalarla buluşmasını ve ürün ihtisas borsacılığı ile türev piyasalara geçişini hızlandırmayı vadeden lisanslı depoculuk sisteminin, Türkiye’de beklenen başarıyı neden yakalayamadığını tespit etmektir. Bu amaçla çalışma, lisanslı depoculuk sisteminin tarım piyasalarına entegrasyonu ve üreticiler tarafından benimsenmesini engelleyen kısıtlara odaklanmıştır. Lisanslı depoculuk sisteminin üreticiye, sanayiciye, tüccara, tarımsal ve finansal piyasalara önemli avantajlar sunduğu literatürde birçok çalışmada yer almaktadır. Bu denli avantajlı bir sistemin benimsenmesini engelleyen unsurların belirlenmesi önemli görülmüştür. Yapılan araştırma ile, Türkiye’de lisanslı depoculuk sisteminin üreticide yeterince karşılık bulmamasının, gelişmekte olan diğer ülkelerde de aynı nedenlere bağlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, sistemin benimsenmesinde en önemli kısıt, lisanslı depo kapasitesinin yetersizliği, tarımın yapısal sorunları ve küçük ölçekli üreticiyi sisteme çekecek yeterli unsurun bulunmamasıdır. Türkiye ve gelişmekte olan çoğu ülkede tarımsal üretim, küçük çiftliklerde yapılmaktadır. Tarım sektörünün büyük çoğunluğunu oluşturan küçük aile çiftliklerinin sisteme katılımını sağlayacak politika ve motivasyon araçları geliştirilmediği sürece, sistemin amacına hizmet etmesi mümkün gözükmemektedir.

Gıda endüstrisi tarafından üretilen atıklar ve yan ürünler protein açısından zengin kaynaklardır ve protein hidrolizatlarından biyoaktiviteye sahip bileşikler üretmek için yeni strateji arayışında önemli bir alternatiftir. Çeşitli çalışmalar gıda işleme endüstrilerinden elde edilen yan ürün ve atıkların, çeşitli rahatsızlıkların tedavisinde önemli bir uygulamaya sahip olan potansiyel biyoaktif bileşik kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Proteinlerde şifrelenmiş belli sayıdaki aminoasitten oluşan küçük fraksiyonlar olarak tanımlanan biyoaktif peptitlerin bu hastalıkları önlemede veya tedavi etmede sentetik ilaçlara doğal, güvenli ve uygun maliyetli alternatif olmada potansiyeli yüksektir. Yan ürün ve atıklar nispeten ucuz protein kaynaklarıdır, bu nedenle biyoaktif peptitlerin üretimi için kullanılmaları sadece üretim maliyetlerinin düşmesine neden olmakla kalmayıp katma değeri yüksek besinsel yan ürünlerin geliştirilmesi için de oldukça önemlidir. Bu uygulama aynı zamanda atık bertarafı ile ilgili sorunun azaltılmasına da katkı sunmaktadır. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmada, biyoaktif peptit üretiminde değerlendirilebilecek çeşitli gıda işleme yan ürünü ve atıkları, bu ürünlerden protein hidrolizatı elde etme süreçleri ve bu peptitlerin sağlığa yönelik etkilerini inceleyen güncel çalışmaların derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a growth regulator that widely used in horticulture and in the tomato seedling growth to compact the shoots, increase the stem diameter and, root biomass, allowing more tolerance of the seedlings against adverse weather conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the rates of paclobutrazol (0, 4, 7, 10 and 13 mg L-1) applied 15 days after sowing by foliar spray on the growth, chemical composition and xylem vessel number of tomato seedlings cultivated in two periods. The PBZ regardless of the application rate reduced the height of tomato seedlings in both growth periods. The basal stem diameter and leaf area were increased with 13 mg L-1 of PBZ. The lignin percentage also increased with 10 and 13 mg L-1 of PBZ as compared to control for both periods. The number of xylem vessel was not affected by PBZ application on the seedlings in the first period. PBZ application at rates of 7 and 10 mg L-1 increased the xylem vessel number in the second period. In general, the application of 13 mg L-1 of PBZ generated seedling more robust to overcome climate adversities.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the interactions of two distinct synthetic dyes—1,9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue —with different DNA structures, namely calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA), G-quadruplex DNA, and single stranded DNA (ssDNA). The objective of this research is to elucidate the molecular affinities of these dyes for specific DNA structures and explore their potential applications in molecular biology and diagnostics. The experimental approach involved detailed UV-visible spectroscopic analyses, to probe the binding affinities of each dye with ct-DNA, G-quadruplex DNA, and ssDNA. The study aimed to assess the selectivity of these dyes towards the unique structural features of each DNA entity. The binding stoichiometry is defined from Job’s method. The selectivity of the dyes towards DNA also investigated with competitive dialysis experiments. The binding stoichiometry were 1:1 for 1,9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue and G-quadruplex DNA or ssDNA. Besides, results indicate that 1,9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue exhibit a pronounced affinity for G-quadruplex DNA, and ct-DNA. While single-stranded DNA is a fundamental component of DNA replication and transcription, our dyes exhibit lower affinity for this structure. The selectivity is advantageous, as it allows for the discrimination between single-stranded and structured DNA regions. The potential applications in studying DNA dynamics and unwinding processes are vast.

There is an increasing trend for development of alternatives to deliver probiotics with non-dairy products. Fruit juices have become one of main food products for delivery of probiotics. The availability of different fruit juice types, their fresh and healthy perception from the consumer's side and demand for plant-based products increase attention to fortification of fruit juices with probiotics. Yet, development of probiotic fruit juices is still an emerging area for the functional food concept. Probiotic juices can be developed by using both probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and their viability can be strain specific as well dependent on the utilized fruits. The transformation of the fruit components can play roles for the improvement of the potential health promoting functions of fruit juices which should be well-characterized. The insufficient viability of probiotic strains during shelf-life of fruit juices is one of the main challenges and efficient and relatively cheap encapsulation techniques should be developed to ensure their viability. In this study, recent achievements and developments to produce probiotic fruit juices have been summarized. Also, potential role of probiotic fortification for the health promoting functions of fruit juices related to probiotic metabolism has been discussed. Finally, strategies to increase the viability of distinct probiotics have been discussed.

In a lab experiment using seed priming, the faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seed germination and seedling development were studied. Twenty different priming techniques were utilized in the study, each comprising varying concentrations of NaOCI, CaCl2, KNO3, Manitol, PEG, KCL, H2O and a control group that received no priming. Four replications of a completely randomized design (CRD) were used in the experiment. Among the three priming treatments, there were substantial differences in the seedling growth metrics and germination rate. When 500 ppm NaOCl was used as a treatment, the highest seed germination percentage (96%) was attained. Although 100 ppm PEG had the greatest germination index (42.92), 10000 ppm NaOCl had the quickest mean germination time (8.27). Additionally, at a concentration of 1500 ppm NaOCl, the greatest seedling vigor index (29.79) and maximum germination coefficient (12.28) were likewise obtained. With H2O treatment, the maximum shoot length (21.09 cm) was observed for seedling growth parameters. The largest root length was produced by a 10000 ppm KNO3 treatment (11.19 cm). With 20000 ppm KNO3, the maximum root dry weight was achieved (88.50 mg), whereas H2O produced the highest shoot dry weight (51.0 mg). Additionally, it was discovered that a treatment with 10000 ppm KNO3 had the best root-shoot ratio (0.72). The research thus supports the possible use of seed priming as a method to improve faba bean seed germination and seedling growth. NaOCl and KNO3 seemed to work best for faba bean seed germination and seedling growth.

This study was conducted in 2017 under greenhouse conditions using selected four different potato clones to determine the effects of different doses of GA3 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on mini tuber production. The research, carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, applied GA3 doses of 0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm, and mycorrhizal inoculat doses of 0, 500, 1250, and 2000 mg/100 tubers. Parameters including emergence time, plant height, main stem number, tuber number, average tuber weight, tuber size distribution (>45 mm, 28-45 mm, <28 mm), and maturity period were examined. The effect of GA3 application on all investigated parameters except the number of main stems was significant, statistically. The highest mini tuber number (9.1 tubers) and mini tuber yield (408.4 g/pot) were obtained from the application of 15 ppm GA3, while the highest average mini tuber weight (46.74 g) was obtained from the control group. In mycorrhizal applications, the highest tuber number was obtained at a dose of 500 mg/100 tubers, and the highest mini tuber weight and yield were obtained at a dose of 1250 mg/100 tubers. As a result of the study, it was determined that the application of 15 ppm GA3 is suitable due to its positive effect on mini tuber multiplication, and the mycorrhizal application at a dose of 500 mg/100 tubers is appropriate due to its positive effect on increase of tuber number.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) topping is one of the essential practice to obtain good quality and adequate yield. The suckericide (Flumetralin as a best herbicide and plant growth regulator). For the purpose to compare topping as manual and herbicide application the experiment was conducted on flue cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco at Tobacco Research Station, Khan Ghari, Mardan during 2021-2022. The experiment was conducted in RCB design with three replications and five treatments (Control, Manual de-suckering, 1000, 1200, 1500 ml of Flumetralin ha-1). Treatments were applied at three stages (button stage, early flowering stage and late flowering stage). The data revealed that topping timing and maximum dose (1500 ml ha-1) of (Flumetralin) resulted maximum (896 cm-2) leaf area, less number (14) of sucker plant-1, lower (132 g) green weight and dry weight (20.30 g) of sucker plot-1, more cured weight (5.08 kg) of leaves plot-1 and maximum yield (3038) kg ha-1, lower nicotine contents (2.26) and less sugar contents (16.24) at button stage. Moreover, Flumetralin application on at button stage resulted less sucker growth and enhanced leaf yield. I suggest that the tobacco K399 with the application of suckericide and growth regulator (Flumetralin) have the potential to incorporate in further breeding program for low content of nicotine, reduced sugar content and high yield.

To increase yield and quality in agricultural production, it is necessary to perform management against diseases and pests. Alternaria, which causes several diseases in many economically important plants, is the most common species and widely distributed in nature. One of the important species reported in sweet cherry in recent years is Alternaria alternata. Many studies have emphasized the necessity of effective control with Alternaria species and examined the use of environmentally friendly methods against fungal diseases. In recent years, the use of plant extracts has increased due to their antimicrobial properties. Antifungal effects of Datura stramonium L., Vitex agnus-castus L., Xanthium strumarium L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Viscum album L., Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana (Guss.) Tutin, Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Tribulus terrestris L., Solanum nigrum L., Nerium oleander L., Circium arvense (L.) Scop. and Brassica oleracea L. aqueous extracts were determined against Alternaria alternata. At the end of the 7-day incubation period, the mycelial growth of the fungi was measured and the antifungal effect of plant extracts was determined. As a result, the extracts were determined to inhibit mycelial growth compared to control. The plant water extracts used in the study were determined to inhibit the mycelial development of the pathogen by 20.20% to 77.12%. It is considered that different solvents and concentrations should be addressed to guide further studies. It was also concluded that potential plant species that may show anti-fungal properties should be evaluated.

Conversion of land use from forest to agricultural uses modifies soil quality through physiochemical soil properties changes. This study was conducted in Rwanda’s central plateau agro-ecological zone to evaluate the effect of forest and agricultural land uses on soil quality. The study was conducted in 2020. Soil samples were collected at the top, middle and bottom positions of each of the two land uses. We analyzed soil bulk density, soil moisture content, soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (Av P), and CEC for each position of the land uses. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in GENSTAT version 13. The results revealed that soil properties were significantly affected by land use change. Analysis of variances (LSD<0.05) results showed, however, that treatments were not significantly different within the same land use. The results showed that treatments from top position of forest lands had the highest mean values for soil organic matter and total N parameters with the respective mean values of 6.58 %, and 0.37 %. Treatments from middle position of forest lands had the highest mean values for soil moisture content and Av P parameters respectively with 23.60 % and 29.56 ppm. But, soil bulk density was high on top position of agricultural land with a mean value of 1.49 g/cm3. Land users are advised to apply crop and soil management techniques which maintain soil quality and productivity on agricultural lands.