Modification processes can change the physicochemical and structural properties of native starch, thereby increasing its industrial applications. Finger millet starch (FMS) was modified with casava starch (CS), guar gum (GG) and xanthan gum (XG) modifiers at the ratios of 95:5%, 90:10%, 80:20% and 75: 25%, for each of the modifier. The proximate and mineral compositions of the modified starch were determined using standard methods. Atomic absorption spectrometry method was used to quantify the mineral contents of the modified starch. Proximate contents of the modified FMS starch varied according to the type of the modifier and FMS/modifier ratios. Concentrations of carbohydrate in CS (66.97±0.03%), GG (64.42±0.05%) and XG (64.64 ± 0.01%) FMS modified starches were highest at 10%, 25% and 5% of the modifier contents repectively. The highest levels of fat in GG (8.91±0.02%), XG (7.89±0.01) and ash (3.55±0.02%) in CS modified starches were recorded when the quantity of the modifiers were increased to 25%. Fatty acid levels in the modified starches varied in the order of XG (7.74±0.03%) at 20% > GG (7.13±0.02%) at 25% > CS (5.14±0.20%) at 10%. At 25% modifier contents, levels of mineral element were highest in the modified CS and GG starches. Modifications decreased Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu contents, while the concentrations Na, K, Ca and P increased. The modified starches can be used for production of some foods for specific health purposes.

This study aims to explore the relations between governance and agricultural performance of countries. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to find out agricultural performance of 81 countries at first stage. Panel data regression was employed in the second stage to assess the relations between performance levels of countries and their governance. Six governance indicators namely; voice and accountability, control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and political stability and violence were analyzed in this stage. Findings show that firstly, governance indicators are highly correlated with each other. Secondly, developed countries are more efficient and have better governance than developing and undeveloped countries. Finally, a quadratic form of regression was the fitting model that is the marginal effects of good governance on performance are increasing in high values of governance.

There are various food-processing technologies with the aim of protecting foodstuffs from environmental factors and increasing their shelf life. One of these is encapsulation technology, which has recently been used with an increased interest. With the fluidized bed coating, which is one of the physical methods used for encapsulation, the solid core materials are fluidized via the air stream and a film layer is formed on the surface of the core material with the coating material. The applicability of the fluid bed coating technique, as well as particulate properties, is significantly influenced by process variables used in the system, environmental variables and thermodynamic factors. The release characteristics of capsules formed during the process can be changed by various mechanisms such as heating, dissolution, mechanical or chemical fracture etc. and controlled release can be achieved. The fluidized bed coating method not only has the advantage of controlled release but also provides a homogeneous powder product, reduction of fine particles, development of transport and storage facilities, protection of reactive components, and prevention unwanted taste and odour. In this study, researches on fluid bed coating mechanism, fluid bed coating systems and applications of fluid bed systems in the food industry have been reviewed.

Bu araştırmada, Simmental (SİM), Aberdeen Angus (ANG), Hereford (HER), Limousin (LİM) ve Charolais (CHA) ırkı sığırların besi performansı ve karkas özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Uruguay ve Fransa’dan 2015 yılında ithal edilen 10-12 aylık yaştaki 606 baş erkek sığır kullanılmıştır. Tüm hayvanlar yaklaşık 7-9 ay süren besi süresinde aynı rasyon ile sınırsız beslenmişlerdir. Hayvanlar Nisan-Haziran 2016 arasında kesilmişlerdir. Varyans analizi sonucunda ırk, besi başı ağırlığı (BBA) ve besi süresi (BS) incelenen özelliklerin çoğu üzerine etkileri önemli (P

Çalışmanın amacı, Erzurum’da ikamet eden tüketicilerin menşe işaretli Karnavas Dut Pekmezi tüketim tercihleri ve satın alma modellerini etkileyen temel faktörlere dayalı bütünsel pazarlama stratejilerini belirlemektir. Çalışmanın ana materyali, Erzurum ilinde ikamet eden ve Karnavas Dut Pekmezi tüketen 401 hane halkı ile yapılan anket çalışmasından elde edilen birincil verilerden oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen verileri dikkate alarak; satın alma kararı üzerinde etkili olan ana faktörlerin belirlenmesinde Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA) ve tüketicilerin tüketim sıklıklarına göre grupların oluşturulmasında İki Aşamalı Kümeleme Analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları; Karnavas Dut Pekmezi’ni yoğun ve ılımlı düzeyde tüketen kullanıcılar sırasıyla doğrudan pazarlama yaklaşımları altında kırsal kalkınmaya katkı sağlamak için menşe etiketli bütünsel kalite ve geleneksel üretim metotlarından sağlanan duyusal kalite niteliklerini dikkate alan yerel markalı genişletilmiş ve gerçek mamul imajlarının perakende seviyesinde konumlandırılmasının gerekliliğine işaret etmişlerdir. Diğer taraftan düşük düzeyde kullanıcılar ise, geleneksel üretim metotları ve hedonik kalite yaklaşımını uygulayan yerel markalı gerçek mamul imajları altında mamullerin konumlandırılması ve tutundurma karması ile yayılım etkisinin artacağı üzerine odaklanmışlardır. Bu yüzden her bir segmentteki kullanıcıların ihtiyaç ve istekleri dikkate alınarak, onların fayda beklentileri ile mamul imajlarına göre konumlandırma ve tutundurma stratejileri uygulanabilir.

In this work, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Galium incanum, Galium dieckii ve Galium aladaghense were firstly reported. The essential oils were obtained from the all parts of the plant by hydrodistillation and analyzed by using GC-MS. Antimicrobial activity of synthezied essential oils was carried out against 5 pathogen bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (P. syringae) DC300, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhmurium (S. typhmurium) SL 1344 and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) ATCC 25175. According to the results, it was determined that isolated essential oils comprised of 61 compounds. Compounds of essential oils included that structure monoterpene (8.2%), monoterpenoid (14.75%) and sesquiterpene (14.75%). Unclassified compounds have been identified as other compounds. From the antimicrobial activity was observed that the isolated essential oil from Galium incanum, Galium dieckii ve Galium aladaghense exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against all gram negative and gram positive bacteria with diameter of inhibition zones ranging from 4.3 to 12.3 mm. Essential oil of Galium aladaghense indicated that high antimicrobial activity on all bacteria than Galium incanum and Galium dieckii.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of electrical stunning including different currents (AC/pDC) and waves types (square, triangle and chirp) applied to unconscious to broiler chickens before slaughtering on carcass defects and breast meat quality characteristics. In this study were used 39-d-old (Ross 308) broiler chickens, from the same flock raised commercially under similar environmental and mean weight 2350 g. Six treatment groups were set up with 10 birds (5♀:5♂) each. A total of 60 broiler chickens were stunned with electricity at water bath for 5 s using AC and pDC currents at 200 Hz frequency and 120 mA/bird. After slaughtering, the amount of blood loss, vein hemorrhages in the carcasses, spot stains and fractures in the wing bones were detected in the chicks. In addition, pH and color values and water loss of breast meat were also examined. Electric current application did not cause any significant carcass defect in chickens. It was determined that triangular and chirp wave types caused more blood loss than square wave in chickens. The lowest water loss in breast meat was realized in the chirp wave type while pH15 value in the breast meat of chicks applied AC was found higher. It was determined that triangular and square waves in water baths and chirp wave type in individual applications were resulted in having more positive effects on the properties investigated.

The influence of farming type (conventional or organic) and production system (low-and high-input) on various quality characteristics of milk have been in the focus of studies over the last decade. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of different dairy management and production systems on carbon stable isotopes ratio (δ13C) and milk urea content. The samples of raw milk were collected each two weeks at certified organic high-input and low-input farms, conventional high-input and low-input farms in late indoor period and outdoor period. Data analysis showed clear difference between milk from organic high- and low-input farms with non-overlapping range between -22.90 ‰ and -24.70‰ for δ13С in protein fraction (equal 1.80‰) and between -25.90‰ and -28.20‰ (equal 2.30‰) for δ13С in fat fraction independently from season factor, as for Δδ13С (protein-fat) values in milk from high-input (1.50-3.00‰) and low-input (3.20-6.30‰) organic farms. Analysis of correlation between δ13С in protein fraction and milk urea content values showed that during late indoor period the most significant difference was detected between milk from organic low-input and conventional high-input farms (5.85‰ for δ13С in protein fraction and 4.65 mg/100 g of milk urea content). During outdoor period, the non-overlapping range was established for low-input and high-input organic farms (3.40‰ for δ13С in protein fraction and 10.77 mg/100 g of milk urea content). Results of δ13С values in fat and protein milk fractions, as combination of δ13С in protein fraction and milk urea content could be a potential tool for the distinguish of milk from different farming types, based on different feed composition.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with different ecological niches are widely seen in fermented meat, vegetables, dairy products and cereals as well as in fermented beverages. Lactic acid bacteria are the most important group of bacteria in dairy industry due to their probiotic characteristics and fermentation agents as starter culture. In the taxonomy of the lactic acid bacteria; by means of rep-PCR, which is the analysis of repetitive sequences that are based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence, it is possible to conduct structural microbial community analyses such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA fragments of different sizes cut with enzymes, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphic DNA amplified randomly at low temperatures and Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism (AFLP)-PCR of cut genomic DNA. Besides, in the recent years, non-culture-based molecular methods such as Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Thermal Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE), and Fluorescence In-situ Hybridization (FISH) have replaced classical methods once used for the identification of LAB. Identification of lactic acid bacteria culture independent regardless of the method will be one of the most important methods used in the future pyrosequencing as a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques. This paper reviews molecular-method based studies conducted on the identification of LAB species in dairy products.

Investigate the changes that occur in the placenta tissues of pregnant rats that were administered acrylamide (AA) and vitamin E as a protective agent during pregnancy. Thirty rats that were proven positive for pregnancy with vaginal smear test were randomly distributed into control, corn oil, vitamin E, acrylamide and vitamin E + acrylamide groups. Pregnant rats were decapitated on the 20th day of the experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAS), total oxidant capacity (TOS) and Xanthine oxidase (XO) levels were measured in placenta tissues. It was determined that acrylamide application during pregnancy statistically significantly increased MDA, TOS and XO levels and reduced GSH and TAS levels in the placenta tissue of pregnant rats when compared to all other groups, and GAS and TAS levels statistically significantly increased in vitamin E administered group when compared to all other groups and TOS and XO levels were decreased to control group levels. It was observed that orally administered AA changed the antioxidant / oxidant equilibrium favoring the oxidants by increasing MDA, XO and TOS levels in pregnant rats and caused oxidative stress, while vitamin E administration returned the antioxidant / oxidant equilibrium back to normal levels, preventing oxidative stress induced toxicity.