The objective of the present study is to determine the microbiological quality of Merguez-type sausages prepared and sold locally from meat offal and to study the antibacterial activity of fresh garlic (Allium sativum) during conservation at 4 °C. Thus, fifteen representative samples of sausages are taken randomly from several butcher's shops in the commune of BBA, Algeria, then subjected to a bacteriological examination with reference to the standards established by the Algerian Ministry of Public Health. Bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of 6.88 105 CFU.g-1 of total aerobic bacteria, 5.39 105 CFU.g-1 of total coliforms, 2.23 105 CFU.g-1 of fecal coliforms, 2.43 103 CFU.g-1 of Escherichia coli and 1.8 105 CFU.g-1 of coagulase positive staphylococci, values higher than Algerian standards. The Addition of fresh garlic as an antibacterial preservative at concentrations of 0.06, 0.12, 0.18 and 0.24g.g-1 to ground beef samples and stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C for 15 days. The addition of garlic to Merguez reduced significantly the presence of different bacterial groups during their refrigerated storage, compared to untreated meat by bringing it below the standards defined in the material. Thus, the use of garlic as a food additive at a concentration of 0.12 g.g-1 was sufficient to obtain levels under Algerian standards equal to 1.8 104 CFU.g-1 of total aerobic bacteria, 9.48 103 CFU.g-1 of Total Coliforms, 3.68 103 CFU.g-1 Fecal Coliforms, 4.56 102 CFU.g-1 of E.coli 2.39 104 CFU.g-1 of coagulase positive Staphylococci. Through this study, we can conclude that adding garlic to Merguez reduces the aerobic bacterial load and thus increases the shelf life in a refrigerated at 4 °C.

Ülkemiz florası yerel buğdaylar bakımından önemli bir çeşitliliğe ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bu araştırmada 20 yerel ekmeklik buğday hattı ile 5 tescilli ekmeklik buğday çeşidinin verim ve bazı verim unsurları yönüyle karşılaştırılarak ümit var genotiplerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda tarla denemeleri 2012-2013 ve 2013-2014 yetiştirme sezonlarında tesadüf blokları deneme desenine uygun olarak üç tekerrür ile Çanakkale’de kurulmuştur. Ekmeklik buğday genotipleri bitki boyu, başak uzunluğu, başaktaki başakçık sayısı, başak ağırlığı, başaktaki tane ağırlığı, başaktaki tane sayısı, metrekarede başak sayısı, metrekarede tane sayısı, biyolojik verim, hasat indeksi ve tane verimi özellikleri bakımından değerlendirilmiş, elde edilen sonuçlar varyans analizi ve duncan testi ile yorumlanmıştır. Varyans analizi sonucunda genotipler arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Tescilli çeşitler tane verimi, hasat indeksi, başak ağırlığı, başakta tane ağırlığı, başakta tane sayısı ve metrekarede tane sayısı özellikleri bakımından yerel hatlardan üstün bulunmuştur. Buna karşılık yerel hatların yüksek bitki boyu, biyolojik verim ve başakçık sayısı bakımından öne çıkarak tane özellikleri hedef alınarak ıslah edilmiş tescilli çeşitlere kıyasla daha gelişmiş bir vejetatif aksama sahip oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Yüksek tane verimleri ile öne çıkan Hakkâri TR 47982/5 and Kırklareli TR 38316/2 hatları ise ümit var genotipler olarak belirlenmiştir.

This study investigated the reproductive performance, lamb survivability, and growing performance of Morkaraman ewes, the estrus of which was induced by natural and synthetic progesterone and which were inseminated by laparoscopic technique at the end of the mating season (December). In the study, 5 different estrus synchronization methods (CIDR, Crestar, Natural progesterone, Cronolone and MAP), 100 Morkaraman ewes, and lambs born to them were used. After the completion of the estrus synchronization methods, the first sign of estrus was detected earliest in the natural progesterone group (39.53±1.87 hours), and there was a significant difference between the natural progesterone and vaginal sponges containing MAP and Cronolone concerning the time to the first hour of estrus. Estrus rates were found significantly different across the study groups, with the shortest time to estrus having been achieved by MAP. The lambing rates for CIDR, Cronolone, Natural progesterone, MAP, and Crestar groups were 74%, 61%, 56%, 33%, and 10%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the treatment groups concerning birth weight, weight at various periods, and survivability of lambs although a significant difference was found in their weaning weight.

In this research, it is aimed to investigate the economic performance of cotton farms and to reveal the profitability and competitiveness of cotton production in Founia district of Kita province. The research data were obtained from the questionnaires conducted with 55 farms determined according to the stratified random sampling method. Policy Analysis Matrix was used to determine profitability and competitiveness in cotton production. The results of the research showed that the farms in Founia county have an average of 10.44 da farm land. Gross production value per farm is $3519.89, agricultural income is $2197.42. According to the result obtained from PAM, private profit of cotton production in Founia district was 58.97 $/ton social profit was 1017.38 $/ton. Within the scope of the research, Specific Cost Ratio (PCR) coefficients of 0.77 and Cost Ratio of Domestic Resources (DRC) of 0.19 obtained from PAM were found. However, according to the Nominal Protection Coefficient on Output (NPCO) (0.30), Nominal Protection Coefficient on Tradable Inputs (NPCI) (0.87) and Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) (0.20) coefficients, it is seen that the cotton price is lower than the comparable world prices and the producer earns less profit from free trade. Therefore, in the short term, incentive premiums, direct financial support, protection of cotton prices, good communication with farms and extension policies should be implemented. The increase in yield with the introduction of irrigation systems will increase competitiveness.The government and the Compagnie Malienne pour le Développement des Textiles (CMDT) should assist in the leasing and long-term purchase of modern farm machinery, which is one of the fixed capitals, in order to increase productivity.

In this study, the effects of hazelnut husk (HH), peat (P) and growing medium consisting hazelnut husk + peat (HH:P) mixture on the growth of lettuce and some nutrient contents were investigated. In the experiment, vermicompost (VC) was added to 3 different media at a rate of 0-10-20-30-40-50% by volume. The research was carried out according to the randomized plot design with 3 replications. According to the research results, the fresh and dry weight of the lettuce plant, the number of leaves and the length of the leaves showed significant increases with vermicompost added to the media compared to the control, and it was determined that 40% vermicompost application to hazelnut husk and hazelnut husk+peat mixture was effective. It was determined that the root fresh and dry weight of the plant increased regularly with vermicompost applications and when the root development was evaluated in general, 50% vermicompost application on hazelnut husk+peat mixture and hazelnut husk were effective. Similarly, vermicompost added to the media regularly increased the total N, P, K, Mn and Zn contents of the lettuce plant. Considering the effect of the medias, the macro element contents of the plant were found to be higher in hazelnut husk and hazelnut husk+peat medium, Mn content in peat and Zn content in the mixture. When the effects on the growth parameters and leaf nutrient contents of the lettuce plant were evaluated, it was concluded that the addition of 40-50% vermicompost to hazelnut husk and hazelnut husk+peat media could be used as a seedling growing medium.

Organic agricultural products are food products that are inspected and certified at all stages of production until they are offered for consumption by institutions that are authorized by the state. Beekeeping products made for human food are also subject to the same certification process. With this research, it was aimed to reveal the organic beekeeping and organic honey understanding of the people of Iğdır region. With the survey, the information of the local consumers about organic honey, how they got this information, their status and reasons for organic honey consumption, as well as the certification processes were collected. The obtained data were analyzed with numerical, proportional, and decision tree methods. The genders of the survey participants were 66% male, 34% female. It was also determined that 70.5% of the participants were under the age of 40, had a bachelor's degree or higher education level in the proportion of 43%, and 63% had a minimum wage or lower-income level. For the questions asked about the research topic, it was reported that participants know and eat organic honey in the proportion of 93%, buy organic honey in the proportion of 77.5%, having information about the organic honey certificate in the proportion of 67% and certification stages in the proportion of 43%. Despite these high rates, the same participants gave contradictory answers to some other questions, such as; for the question of “What is organic honey?” the answer of "Certified honey" in the proportion of only 11.5% and for the question of “How did you know that the organic honey you bought was organic honey?” the answer of " I saw its certificate” in the proportion of only 18.1%. This contradiction was noted. With this research, it was determined that the local people did not have enough information about organic beekeeping and honey understanding. In order to fill this gap, it can be suggested that healthy nutrition lessons be included in the education curricula starting from primary school, and usage of TV, radio, and internet broadcasting for this purpose. The fact that the participants' education level is high and their age is young may provide an advantage in order to get results from the training to be given on the subject.

This research was carried out to determine the effects of diets containing different levels of threonine on the performance, carcass characteristics, and serum biochemical parameters of growing Japanese quails. In the study, a total of 240 mixed sex quail chicks at the age of one day were randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups with 4 subgroups. Experimental diets were prepared to contain threonine at 0.84 (without L-threonine addition), 1.02 (control), 1.10, 1.20, 1.30 and 1.40% levels, and quails were fed with these treatment diets for six weeks. The threonine level of the diet did not statistically affect the performance and carcass parameters of quails, but the best feed efficiency was obtained at 1.10% threonine level. While serum cholesterol, total protein, albumin, creatinine, calcium and AST levels were not affected by dietary threonine level, serum glucose, triglyceride, globulin, urea, and phosphorus levels were statistically affected. With 1.30% threonine in the diet, serum glucose and triglyceride levels were minimum, while serum globulin level was maximum. Serum phosphorus level considerably increased at 1.40% threonine level compared to the control group. According to these results, it can be said that the addition of 1.10% threonine to diet would be proper for growing quails.

Tarımsal faaliyetlerin yürütülebilmesi için tarım işçilerinin güvenli bir şekilde tarla ya da bahçeye taşınması oldukça önemlidir. Ülkemizde güvenlik açısından önerilmemekle birlikte tarım işçilerinin tarla ya da bağ-bahçeye taşınmaları genellikle tarım arabaları ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Tarım arabaları ile işçi taşınabilmesi için ülkemizde belirlenen trafik yönetmelikleri bulunmaktadır. Ancak gerek yönetmeliklere uyulmaması ve gerekse emniyetli taşıma düzeneği olmayan tarım arabaları ile işçi taşınması sırasında meydana gelen kazalar ciddi yaralanmalar ve can kaybı ile sonuçlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada; güvenli işçi taşınması için tasarlanan, tarım arabasına sökülüp takılabilir, oturma düzeneğine ait iki farklı yuvarlanmayı önleyici yapı tasarlanarak modellenmiştir. Geliştirilen modeller bilgisayar ortamında ANSYS paket programı kullanılarak toplam deformasyon ve gerilme parametreleri yönünden analiz edilmiştir.

Kanatlı hayvanların sindirim sistemi kısa olduğundan yemlerin sindirim sisteminde kalış süresi kısadır. Buna ilave olarak, kanatlı hayvan türlerinin birçoğunun selüloz, selüloz fraksiyonları (ADF ve NDF) ile nişasta tabiatında olmayan polisakkaritleri sindirebilme ve bunlardan yararlanma yetenekleri düşüktür. Bundan dolayı kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde besin madde içeriği yüksek olan daha pahalı yemlerin kullanılması zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Bu durum ise beyaz et ve yumurta gibi hayvansal ürünlerin fiyatlarını yükseltmektedir. Kanatlı hayvan beslemedeki bu dezavantajı avantaja çevirmek için sindirim sistemi daha güçlü, selülozca zengin ucuz yem kaynaklarını daha iyi sindirebilen, kaba yemlerden daha iyi yararlanabilen alternatif kanatlı hayvanlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Sahip olduğu özellikler açısından değerlendirildiğinde, ucuz yem kaynaklarından daha iyi yararlanabilecek kanatlı hayvanlardan birisinin de kaz olduğu görülecektir. Kazların selülozca zengin kaba yemlerden etkin bir şekilde yararlanabilmesi, yem giderlerini azaltmak suretiyle hayvansal ürünlerin daha ekonomik olması için uygun bir fırsat sunmaktadır. Diğer kanatlı hayvanlara göre kaba yemlerden daha iyi yararlanmasından dolayı beyaz et ve yumurta üretimi için kaz yetiştiriciliğinin yaygınlaştırılması özellikle kırsaldaki nüfus için önemli bir gelir ve geçim kaynağı olabilir. Bu derlemede, kazların mikrobiyal sindirim özellikleri, selüloz başta olmak üzere selüloz fraksiyonlarından ve nişasta tabiatında olmayan yem unsurlarından yararlanabilme yetenekleri incelenmiştir.

Beekeeping; It is a branch of agriculture that provides cheap and easy employment opportunities, is not dependent on land, is a sole source of livelihood for families with landless or little land and has no harmful effects on the environment and nature. Our current geographical location is among the countries suitable for beekeeping in our country with the coexistence of four seasons. Beekeeping has become widespread in our country with the increasing interest in natural life and natural products, with developing technologies day by day. When the data from the 2000s to the present are examined, it is noteworthy that the number of hives has increased every year. In the last twenty (2000-2020) years, there has been an increase of 11.29% in the number of old hives, and an increase of 95.62% in the number of new hives. At the same time, it was determined that there was an increase of 70.36% in honey production and a decrease of 16.83% in bee wax production. In this review article, the current situation of beekeeping, which is the branch of animal husbandry in Turkey, together with 20 years of data has been examined.