Ochratoxin A is a toxic substance coming up with growing up of some species of Aspergillus and Penicillium at feedstuffs. Diseases and deaths can occur if this toxic substance is consumed by animals. Ochratoxin A can contaminate easily feedstuffs of mixed feeds while producing, harvesting and storing period and pose a serious threat for world and Turkey considering existing rate in feed and feedstuffs. Moreover taking account of passing to animal tissues, ochratoxin A pose a serious risk for human health. Regarding this, ochratoxin A has negative effects on human such as disorders of kidney and reproductive organs. In addition there is various methods to eliminate this damages made by ochratoxin A. In this review, existing of ochratoxin A in poultry feeds, the negative effects on poultry, transition to tissues and practices that can ease the negative effects were summarized.

The effect of different processing stages- defatting, solubilization, isoelectric precipitation, neutralisation and lyophilisation on the total phenolic content and protein content of Carica papaya (pawpaw) seeds (CPS) full-fat flour (CFF), defatted flour (CDF), protein concentrates (CPC) and protein isolates (CPI) was studied. The folin-ciocalteu procedure was used to assess the total phenolic concentrations of the Carica papaya products and results were expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Optimal protein content was estimated at pH 10 for all samples. Higher levels of polyphenols were extracted using water-methanol (20/80) mixture compared to 100% methanol. Total phenolic content (TPC) was demonstrated in a trend of CDF > CPC > CFF > CPI with CDF having the highest TPC. The finding suggested a more economical protein isolate production method. The study concludes that the processing of CPS into the various products (CFF, CDF, CPC & CPI) improves its protein and polyphenol content.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in non-specific immunity against different infectious agents such as bacterium or parasite. The aim of this work was to investigate the allele and genotype frequencies of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in bovine TLR1 gene in native Turkish cattle breeds. DNA samples were extracted using the phenol chloroform protocol from 77 Zavot, 60 Turkish Grey, 51 East Anatolian Red, 69 Anatolian Black and 46 South Anatolian Red cattle. Target regions of the TLR1 gene were digested BsII and HpyI88III restriction enzymes. Results showed that the (A) allele frequency had higher in all native Turkish cattle breeds of the TLR1-G1409A locus. The (F) allele frequency was found to be higher compared to (E) allele in the TLR1-G1550A site. The frequencies of both (C) and (T) alleles were close to each other in the TLR1-C632T site. In conclusion genetic polymorphisms exist in Turkish native cattle populations in terms of known TLR1 variants.

The increasing costs of conventional feedstuffs like corn, soybean meal and fish meal for poultry diets is pushing the need to find less expensive alternatives. Mulberry grows well in the tropics and subtropics, and is reported to have excellent nutritional value. Mulberry leaves are very rich in protein (15-35%), minerals (2.42-4.71% Ca, 0.23-0.97% P), 1130-2240 kcal/kg metabolic energy (ME). The amino acids composition of mulberry leaf meal indicates it is a good source of essential amino acids especially lysine (1.80%) and leucine (2.58%). In this paper, studies made on the mulberry leaf used in nutrition of poultries have been reviewed.

This study was completed with the aim of determining work efficiencies, labour requirement, and total cost of second fodder corn silage agricultural enterprises on flat ground in Bafra district of Samsun province. According to the results, total variable and fixed costs were calculated 2827.80 TL ha-1 and 4224.60 TL ha-1. The shares of variable and fixed costs in total production costs were determined 40.10% and 59.90%, respectively. Land hire had 24.70% as the highest share in fixed costs while the highest share for variable costs were observed in fertilization (10.30%) and spraying (7.00%). The highest and the lowest unit of labour requirements (units of human labour power, h ha–1) were obtained for harvesting processes (4.28 h ha-1) and spraying (2.35 h ha-1), respectively. In terms of work efficiencies, the best value was determined (0.53 ha h-1) for the transporting processes.

This follow-up study was carried out to investigate association of wheat productivity with the nutritional status of farmers in an agricultural area of North West Pakistan. A total of 1200 small scale farmers were randomly recruited and screened for nutrition status. Total of 226 farmers were found malnourished. An equal number of well-nourished farmers were randomly selected; detailed data on wheat yield and relevant confounding factors were collected interviewing groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify factors in relation to wheat yield. Comparing to well-nourished, malnourished farmers were more likely to report less wheat yield. Agricultural predictors that independently and significantly explained variation in wheat production included crop rotation, sowing time, and per acre agricultural inputs. Farmers' nutritional status; and dietary patterns further increased variance in wheat yield. The study findings reaffirmed the importance of farmers' nutritional status in predicting wheat yield.

Forty seed sample of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were collected from four locations viz. Chitwan, Kaski, Banke and Lalitpur and tested by blotter method at laboratory during 2013 for determining fungal pathogens associated with wheat seeds in Nepal. Eighteen species representing thirteen genera of fungi were recovered from the seed. Alternaria alternata and Bipolaris sorokiniana were predominant in all the varieties/genotypes from all the locations, where B. sorokiniana was strongly pathogenic in wheat crop. Percentage frequency and type of fungi detected varied with variety and locations. Bipolaris sorokiniana was highest (64.40%) in Banke than remaining three locations. Seeds of Chitwan had lowest percentage (5.50%) of seed infection as compared to other locations. Relative abundance of Alternaria alternata (55.10%) was highest as it was the most prevalent component of seed borne mycoflora, followed by Bipolaris sorokiniana (34.69%) and Cladosporium herbarum (7.19%). Differences in quantity of precipitation and relative humidity might be the possible reason for variation in frequency and type of fungi detected in wheat seeds of four locations.

Bu çalışma tüm dünyada Pleurotus türlerinin kralı olarak bilinen (The King Oyster) Pleurotus eryngii mantarının farklı izolatlarında mineral madde içeriklerinin belirlenebilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada Pleurotus eryngii türüne ait farklı lokasyonlardan elde edilen 15 farklı izolat materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Örneklerde fosfor, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, sodyum, demir, mangan ve çinko belirlemesi yapılmıştır. Her bir izolatın mineral içeriği sap ve şapkada ayrı ayrı belirlenerek elde edilen sonuçlar bu şekilde değerlendirilmeye alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre mineral içerikleri sap ve şapkada önemli oranda farklılık göstermiştir. Fosfor, magnezyum, demir, mangan ve çinko şapkada daha yüksek oranda bulunurken potasyum, kalsiyum ve sodyum mantar sapında yüksek belirlenmiştir. Ortalama değerler dikkate alındığında izolatlar arasında mineral içerikleri açısından önemli farkların olduğu görülmüştür. K7 ve J113 en yüksek fosfor içeren izolat olmuştur. WC888 hem potasyumu hem de sodyumu en çok içerirken, WC999 mangan ve magnezyum içeriği en yüksek olan izolatlar olmuştur. Kalsiyumu en fazla J113 izolatı içerirken, demir açısından en zengin izolat K78 olarak saptanmıştır. Çinko açısından en yüksek içerik K78, J113, M18 ve WC 955 izolatlarında belirlenmiştir.

Spray drying is the most preferred drying method to produce powdered food in the food industry and it is also widely used to convert sugar-rich liquid foods to a powder form. During and/or after spray drying process of sugar-rich products, undesirable situation was appeared such as stickiness, high moisture affinity (hygroscopicity) and low solubility due to low molecular weight monosaccharides that found naturally in the structure. The basis of these problems was formed by low glass transition temperature of sugar-rich products. This review gives information about the difficulties in drying of sugar-rich products via spray dryer, actions need to be taken against these difficulties and drying of sugar-rich honey and fruit juices with spray drying method.

The aim of this research was to examine the larvicidal activity of essential oil (EO) extracted from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) leaves and fruits by steam distillation, and to analyze its chemical compounds. The EO yield of nutmeg leaves and fruits collected from the same tree was 0.66% and 0.30%, respectively. Larvicidal tests with the EO were carried out against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The concentrations of nutmeg EO used for the larvicidal assay were 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/mL. The results showed that fruit oil was more toxic than the leaf oil. LC50 values of leaf and fruit EOs were 133.8 and 110.1 µg/mL, respectively. The chromatogram of GC-MS showed that the chemical components in nutmeg leaf and fruit EOs were dominated by α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, delta-3-carene, limonene, β-phellandrene, α-terpinolene, linalool, safrole, croweacin, and myristicin.