This study was carried out with 86 Bituminaria bituminosa (Bitbit) genotypes collected from Central Black Sea Region of Northern Anatolia in Samsun in 2012. After cleaning, seeds scarifying with sandpaper and sown in small pots. In November of 2012, the seedlings were transplanted to experimental field. No fertilizer and water applied throughout the study and spring and autumn elongation, hay yield and harvesting number in the second year of the plants (2014) were observed during the study. According to correlation analysis, there was a negative and statistically significant linear correlation between altitude and spring elongation, autumn elongation, harvest number. There was also a negative statistically insignificant correlation between altitude and hay yield. A positive and significant correlation was found between hay yield and spring and autumn elongations, harvest number; between spring and autumn elongations and number of harvest. Some genotypes taken from high altitudes stayed dormant in winter period, furthermore they started elongation later than the others and a slight growth was recorded in autumn. In the light of these results, it is possible to improve cultivars for different ecological conditions.

In this study, a morphometric investigation was carried out on the Akbash Turkish shepherd dog breed using 30 exterior parameters. The study consisted of 96 dogs (54 males and 42 females) ranging in age from 2 to 9 years. All dogs were bred in the West Anatolia region of Turkey, around the city of Eskisehir. The following exterior parameters were measured and their means were obtained: height at withers (65.22±3.99 cm), height at mid-back (62.24±4.24 cm), height at rump (64.97±4.16 cm), height at base of tail (58.2±5.01 cm), height to elbow (36.07±4.06 cm), height to knee (35.83±4.96 cm), height to hock (17.08±3.21 cm), height to tip of sternum (45.12±4.30 cm), body length (70.58±5.58 cm), chest depth (29.58±3.23 cm), chest width (21.02±3.18 cm), breast width (16.86±3.41 cm), chest circumference (77.86±7.05 cm), pastern circumference (13.27±1.67 cm), rump length (19.21±3.27 cm), pelvic width (8.65±2.18 cm), rump protuberance width (7.58±3.02 cm), head length (27.20±2.85 cm), skull length (16.58±1.92 cm), muzzle length (10.30±2.35 cm), skull width (14.06±1.96 cm), muzzle width (7.60±1.26 cm). According to the obtained morphological characteristics the dog has a rectangular body format, and the rump is somewhat higher than the height at the withers. According to its craniological characteristics it belongs to the group of mesaticephalic dogs. The width of the skull is smaller than its length. Angles of the hind legs are more open than angles of the front legs.

The main purpose of this study is to determination of agricultural structure and mechanization features of agricultural enterprises in Karaman province. The main material of the study is statistical data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) of 2009 – 2018 years for Karaman province. According to the data of Karaman province in 2009 and 2018, the average tractor power is 34.92 kW and 35.33 kW; the average tractor power per cultivated areas 2.45 kWha-1 and 1.93 kWha-1; the number of tractors per 1,000 ha is 52.27 and 40.76; the cultivated area per tractor is 19.13 ha and 24.54 ha, respectively. The number of equipment per tractor is 10.66 and 9.86, and the number of combine harvester per 1,000 ha is 0.47 and 0.55.

Some vegetative properties measured in fruit trees are important indicators in examining of plant growth calculation, estimation of leaf area index in evapotranspiration, fertilizer requirement etc. These measurements reflect the effects of the cultivation treatments in many areas of commercial growing and scientific studies. One of the most important measurements is the status of the canopy development. Canopy width, area and volume can be measured with some calculations. However, more technological equipment may be needed to reduce work and labor, and to make the results more precise and clearer. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles, which have become widespread, have a wide potential for use in agriculture. By using image processing methods, it is possible to make more objective and high accuracy evaluations much faster. In this study, the images of the apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivar Golden grafted onto MM106 rootstock, were taken by light unmanned aerial vehicle to calculate the canopy area and then these images were analyzed using image processing methods for calculating canopy areas. Both circular and elliptical calculation methods were used. The area calculations with image processing methods were compared with the areas obtained manually. Comparisons were made by regression analysis. For the most successful method R value was 0.9662 for elliptic area and 0.9346 for circular area which was calculated by image processing. The results demonstrated that the image processing can be an alternative method to determine the canopy area according to accuracy ratios.

In this study, principal component analysis has been applied on data comprising of 6675 gene and 20 sequence collected by using cDNA microarray technology from livers of mice used in toxicology studies in certain time periods. Forming of gene groups from similar expression profiles and description of related genes which are implemented by similar component loads among the groups have been explained by using this cDNA technology. Besides that, interpretation and decomposition of factors (components) from correlation matrix which belongs to same data group have been explained. Some of the methods developed for minimizing the data set to fewer components which can explain the whole data structure have been evaluated. According to methods, if we assume that the first 9 eigen values are enough to describe the whole variance, then in this case, it is thought that it is good enough to describe the whole variance by using 9 eigen values with a variance loss of 20,79% instead of describing the whole variance by using 20 eigen values.

The aim of this study was to determine the relations of some affecting factors with milk production in Anatolian buffalo enterprises in Samsun province, Turkey. The questionnaires were applied by interviews to thirty nine buffalo farmers those selected by random sampling method. Effects of experience (EF) and education level (EL) of farmer, number of milking animal (NM), concentrate feeding application (CF), weaning period (WP), milking frequency per day (MP), udder disinfection premilking (UDP) on daily milk yield (DMY) were found to be insignificant. Further studies including more factors and data might be suggested to reveal detailed information between farm practices and milk production in water buffaloes.

Field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of prilled urea (PU) and urea super granule (USG) with their different nitrogen levels (N1 : 70, N2 : 100 and N3 : 130% of the recommended dose) on rice and NH4+-N/NO3- -N in post-harvest soil. Experiment was laid out in a randomized completely block design with three replications at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) Farm, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during 2015-16. Higher yield attributing characters (plant height, effective tiller panicle-1, panicle length were achieved from USG × N2 treatment. USG, N2 (100% N) and USG × N2 produced the highest grain (3.60, 3.64, 3.78 t ha-1) and straw yield (3.55, 3.45, 3.70 t ha-1) respectively. Though USG × N3 treatment produced the highest effective tiller, panicle length and unfilled grain but USG × N2 treatment produced maximum grain yield of rice due to higher filled grain. In respect of mineral nitrogen, NH4+-N was decreased with the increase in soil depth but opposite result was found in NO3- -N in soil. Deep placement of USG fertilizer released NH4+-N slowly and steadily compared to prilled urea in soil. As a result, one time fertilizer application of USG is better than three times broadcast application of PU in terms of crop yield, nitrogen status in different depth of soil and labour cost. Future research needs to develop the effective USG fertilizer applicator for deep placement in soil during crop production.

Günümüz koşullarında, hayvancılık işletmelerinin ve işletmecilerin karşılaştığı en büyük sorunlardan biri, işletme kapasitesini büyütmek için nitelikli ve güvenilir iş gücü temini ve bunun getirdiği maliyet sorunlarıdır. Buna paralel olarak yem hazırlama ve dağıtımı ile ilgili iş gücü, zaman ve maliyet sorunları da işletmeler için önem taşımaktadır. Hayvancılıkta yemleme işlemi günlük çalışmalar içerisinde önemli bir yer tutar. Kullanılan yem, bunun sevki ve idaresi hayvan sağlığını ve işletme verimini etkileyen en önemli faktörlerdendir. Bu çalışmada, durumun önemi göz önüne alındığında, yem hazırlama ve yem dağıtım ile ilgili iş gücü, zaman ve sürü yönetimi sorunları için çözüm olabilecek ve ülkemizde kullanımı yaygın olmayan ve henüz tanınmayan yemleme robotu hakkında operasyon bilgileri verilmiş, sürü yönetimi üzerine etkileri belirlenmiş ve geleneksel yem hazırlama ve dağıtma sistemleri ile karşılaştırılması sonucunda iş gücü ve zaman analizleri yapılmıştır. Özellikle yüksek kapasiteli işletmelerde, yemleme robotu aracılığıyla sağlanan otomasyonun klasik sistemler ile karşılaştırıldığında iş gücünden %75 oranında, zaman girdisi konusunda ise 13,75 kat tasarruf olanağı çıkan sonuçların en önemlilerindendir. Bunun yanı sıra modern işletmelerde kullanılan süt sağım robotu gibi diğer otomasyon içeren işler için de bir destek unsuru ve sürü yönetimi olarak bütünleyici bir etkisi olduğu çıkan diğer bir önemli sonuçtur.

That agricultural sector is examined closer from every point of view and is restructured in complied with the requirements of the age has to be structured comes to our face as a reality any longer accepted by every sector of the society. The various developments experienced in the world in the recent years have directly or indirectly affected agricultural sector. In the economy of Turkey, one of the countries attracting attention with its rapidly growing, there are many theoretical studies dealing with the direct or indirect contribution of agricultural sector. However, it is necessary to increase the number of the applied studies introducing the existing situation of the sector and enabling to develop the effective policies for the sector. For, it is highly important for the theories put forward in theoretical framework to be supported by empirical analyses in terms of forming effective policy suggestions. In the study, the three sub-sectors were considered such as the subsectors of cereal, legume, and fruit-vegetable and the existing situation of the sector was analyzed by moving from the macro variables. In order to identify the effects of macroeconomic variables (inflation, exchange rate, interest, monetary supply), selected in the direction of the aim of the study, panel cointegration test was utilized. Setting off from this point, when the analysis made in the study is examined for all sectors, it was identified that the variable affecting the sector the most was interest rate. When the results of panel cointegration test between interest rate and agricultural production were examined, while there was a negative directional relationship between the production of subsector “fruit vegetable” and the variable “interest” as expected, it attracts attention that there was a positive relationship between the subsector of cereal legume and interest in contrast to this.

In sub-Saharan Africa, multiple plant nutrients deficiency besides nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is a major growth-limiting factor for crop production. As a result, some soils become non-responsive for Rhizobium inoculation besides P application. Based on the soil test result, the soil of Experimental sites had low organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn)[xy1]. Hence, an experiment was carried out on-farm at Gondar Zuria woreda in Tsion and Denzaz Kebeles to evaluate the effect of Rhizobium inoculation, S and Zn application on yield, nodulation, N and P uptake of chickpea. The experiment included twelve treatments developed via factorial combination of two level of inoculation (Rhizobium inoculated, un-inoculated), three level of S (0, 15, 30 kg Sulphur ha-1) and two levels of Zn (0, 1.5 kg Zinc ha-1). The treatment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the highest mean nodule number (15.3) and nodule volume (1.3 ml plant-1) over locations were obtained with Rhizobium inoculation integrated with 15 kg S and 1.5 kg Zn ha-1 which resulted in 37.8% and 116.7% increment over the control check, respectively. It was also observed that combined application of Rhizobium and 30 kg S ha-1 caused the highest (6.7) mean nodulation rating and seed yield (1775.5 kg ha-1) over locations which resulted in 86.1% and 28 % increase over the control check, respectively. Moreover, this treatment improved P use efficiency of chickpea. On the bases of observed result, it can be concluded that the response of chickpea to Rhizobium and P application can be improved by S application and Rhizobium inoculation with application of 30 kg S ha-1 with recommended rate of P and starter N is recommended for chickpea production at the experimental locations in Gonder Zuria Woreda.