In many parts of the world, forests have been seen only as an economic value and forestry policies have been in this direction. Later, when forests started to disappear, the protectionist period started and forest policies were shaped in this direction. In this study, the reflections of sustainable foresty policy and environmental and forest protection in the Eurpoion Union (EU), Turkey and a few other countries are examined and the protection measures and recommendations of the countries are analyzed. The aim of the study is to reveal the devolopment process of forestry policies and to reveal what has been done to ensure the protection of forests. When we look at the policies followed by the countries, it is seen that the world is now pursuing a conscious forestry policy.

Watermelon is a widely cultivated cucurbitaceous crop with economic and dietary significance. The plant's ability to reproduce effectively relies on the harmonious growth and maturation of both its male and female flowers. At the farm level, determining the exact amount of ethylene required to regulate the development and sexual expression of individual floral buds remains uncertain, despite the known influence of exogenously applied ethylene on these processes. The goal of the research was to explore how the ethephon doses influence vegetative characteristics, sex expression, and watermelon yield. The experiment, employing a one-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprising five treatments and four replications, was conducted in a farmer's field in Buttabari, Jhapa. Using R-stat software, the data were analyzed at a 5% level of significance. Treatment consisted of Ethephon with four doses namely; 100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm, 400ppm, and a control. Ethephon application was done twice, once at the two true-leaf stages and another at four true-leaf stages. The study revealed that plant height decreased with ethephon compared to the control, reaching a minimum of 280.1 cm at 400 ppm and a maximum of 307.1 cm in the control. Additionally, the highest branch numbers were observed with ethephon at 200 ppm. The plot treated with 200ppm ethephon was found to be more effective than alternative doses at increasing the total number of female flowers, bearing 15.25 female flowers per plant. Control (166.50 per plant) and 400 ppm (150.00 per plant) had the highest and lowest male flower counts per plant, respectively. A maximum yield of 25.12 t/ha and a minimum yield of 19.1 t/ha were determined at 200 ppm and control, respectively. Hence, farmers are found to benefit from ethephon doses of 200 ppm.

The fermented seed of néré (Parkia biglobosa), known as Soumbara, is a condiment widely consumed by the population in West Africa and Guinea in particular. The present study aims to use physicochemical, colorimetric methods and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to evaluate the evolution of the quality of Soumbara during storage (30 days). Thus, 5 kg of Soumbara were taken, subdivided into 7 batches of samples, and analysed every 5 days for 30 days. Physicochemical analyses (water activity, moisture, proteins, and total ash) would show that the storage duration induced a variation during storage; for example, the total ash contents on days 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 are respectively 3.96 ± 0.25, 3.89 ± 0.43, 3.97 ± 0, 23, 3.99 ± 0.12, 4.54 ± 0.14, 4.57 ± 0.2 and 4.8 ± 0.21%. During the first 15 days of storage, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between samples. The colorimetric measurements showed that the storage duration did not significantly affect the values of a* and b*, except the L* value which decreased significantly (p<0.05) (42.16 ± 0.015 on day 1 to 40.02 ± 0.015 on day 30). Applying statistical methods to mid-infrared spectroscopy allowed a clear distinction between the Soumbara samples during storage for 30 days. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) applied to MIR spectra made it possible to predict water, moisture and protein activity levels, since R2 greater than 0.99 were obtained. The results demonstrated that mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric tools could be used as a rapid screening tool to assess and monitor the quality of Soumbara during storage.

Küresel ısınma nedeniyle su gereksiniminin düşük ve yapısında değerli bileşenlerin bulunduğu bitkisel gıdalara olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, frenk inciri (Opuntia ficus-barbarica A.Berger) meyve (M) ve kabuklarının (K) toplam fenolik, flavonoid madde miktarları ve antioksidan aktiviteleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla öncelikle numuneler metanol ile ekstrakte edilmiştir. Metanol ekstraktlarında fenolik miktarları K’da 835,66±21,12 mg GAE/100 g, M’de 760,66±17,61 mg GAE/100 g; toplam flavonoid madde miktarları K’da 222,00±4,35 µg KE/g ve M’de 204,76±0,87 µg KE/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite, serbest radikal giderme aktivitesi (DPPH) ve Bakır (II) indirgeme kapasitesi (CUPRAC) yöntemleriyle değerlendirilmiş, indirgeme kapasitesi M’de 40,93±1,46 µg TE/mL ekstrak ve K’da 80,11±2,03 µg TE/mL ekstrak olarak hesaplanmıştır. Meyve ve kabuk ekstraklarının IC50 değerleri hesaplanmış ve standart BHT (Bütil hidroksi toluen) ile karşılaştırıldığında en yakın değerin K’da olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuçlar, frenk inciri meyve ve kabuklarının önemli miktarda biyoaktif bileşen içerdiğini ve yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, geleneksel olarak halk hekimliğinde kullanılan frenk incirinin sağlığı teşvik eden bir gıda bileşeni veya doğal antioksidan kaynağı olarak potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır.

The development of high-yielding modern wheat varieties to feed the growing population has had a negative impact on the production of ancestral and landrace crops. The use of modern varieties, which are very deficient in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and flavonoids, has caused people to turn to old varieties due to health problems that arise over time. In this study, which aimed to determine the glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity of registered varieties and landraces, the differences between the protein values and GST enzyme activity values of wheat were found to be statistically significant. When protein values were analysed among wheat varieties, einkorn wheat had the highest value with 15.53 mg/ml, and KUNDURU-1149 had the second highest value with 13.52 mg/ml. The lowest protein values were found in wheat landraces. Lr-4 had the highest GST enzyme activity with 299.7 mmol/min/mg protein and Lr-10 with 265.3 mmol/min/mg protein. A negative and high correlation was found between wheat protein values and GST enzyme activity, and it was determined that landraces were prominent in terms of GST enzyme activity.

This study compared the accuracy of various soil phosphorus assessment methods to measure the soil's ability to supply plants with phosphorus over a brief period in the field. Twenty individual soil samples were collected from a standing wheat (Triticum aestivum L) crop at depths ranging from zero to twenty centimeters. An equivalent plant spike sample was also procured from the soil sampling fields. In comparison to the wet acid digestion method used to detect phosphorus in plants, several methods were utilized to assess phosphorus in the soil, including resin extractable phosphorus, AB-DTPA extractable phosphorus, NaHCO3 extractable phosphorus, water-soluble phosphorus in suspension, and paste. The levels of variation and deficiency of phosphorus, which were found by different methods followed different patterns as shown by the fact that, AB-DTPA method finds phosphorus deficiency in 20% of samples while on the other hand, Olsen method finds phosphorus deficiency in 80% of samples. Even with such a small sampling area, none of the procedures showed a significant correlation with any other method that might account for uneven variation among the samples when determined by distinct procedures. However, corrections were observed to a certain degree between ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable and resin, as well as between other procedures and the plant P scale. Both resin and ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) had a strong relationship with plant phosphorus, with the former showing a significant correlation of 0.48 and 0.21, respectively. Hence Resin and AB-DTPA methods are recommended for the determination of phosphorus under certain soil and plant conditions.

With its high protein, vitamin and mineral content, Spirulina platensis (SP) is the most widely used microalgae as a food supplement and the most cultivated microalgae for this purpose. Zinc is a regulatory microelement that is incorporated into the structure of many proteins in the cell and is particularly deficient in cereal-based societies. Due to the high adaptability of SP to environments with high metal concentrations and its high capacity to secrete substances called phytochelatin and metal-binding capacity, in this study zinc-enriched SP (ZnSP) was produced by binding metals to SP by organic means. For this purpose, modified media with 4 different Zn concentrations were prepared and SP was cultured in these media. Optical density, chlorophyll-a, phycobiliprotein and dry cell weight analyses were performed to monitor the culture. During the culture period, biomass and filtered culture medium were collected from logarithmic and stationary stages and Zn analyses were performed. The most suitable culture medium and growth conditions were determined to obtain Zn-enriched SP. 338.4 mg kg-1 Zn was measured in SP biomass grown in Zn-3 medium containing 8 mg L-1 Zn. It may be possible to obtain Zn-enriched SP in this medium and under the specified culture conditions, and even this ratio can be increased by adding Zn to the culture medium after the logarithmic stage.

Bu araştırmada yenilikçi uygulamalar olarak görülen okul bahçelerinde tarım uygulamaları ile ilgili yapılan araştırmaların gelişim sürecinin tespit edilmesi ve erken çocukluk eğitimi ve çocuk gelişimi bağlamında tartışılması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma, betimsel nitelikte olup, tarama modeli tipindedir. Araştırmaya Web of Science veri tabanında yer alan tüm indekslerde “school gardening” anahtar kelimesi ile taranan okullarda tarım uygulamaları konusunda İngilizce dilinde yayınlanmış makale veya bildiri şeklindeki toplam 89 akademik yayın dahil edilmiştir. Yayınlar, bilgisayar ortamına aktarılarak yıllara göre yayın sayıları, yazarların, ülkelerin ve makalelerin yayınlandığı dergilerin dağılımı, anahtar kelimelerin sıklığı gibi birçok değişkene göre ayrılarak çözümlenmiş, grafiklerle gösterilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; bilimsel yayınların sayısında zaman zaman düşüşler olmasına rağmen düzenli olarak artış eğiliminde olduğu, en çok Horttechnology isimli dergide yayın yapıldığı, en yüksek h indeksinin J. E. Cade isimli yazar olduğu, en çok araştırma yapılan kurumun ABD’de bulunan üniversiteler olduğu, çalışmalarda en fazla tercih edilen Web of Science veri tabanındaki micro konunun obezite, en fazla tercih edilen araştırma alanının eğitim araştırmaları, en fazla tercih edilen sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçlarının sağlık ve kaliteli yaşam olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda; okul bahçelerinin belli bölümlerinin tarım uygulamaları için ayrılması, tüm kademelerdeki eğitim müfredatına okullarda yapılabilecek tarım uygulamalarının entegre edilmesi, eğitim ile ilgili iç ve dış olmak üzere tüm paydaşlara okul bahçeciliği ile ilgili eğitimler verilmesi, okul bahçelerinde tarım uygulamaları ile ilgili araştırma ve disiplinler arası projelerin planlanması ve uygulanması, yapılacak araştırmalarda farklı ülkelerle etkili işbirliklerinin yapılması, okullarda tarım uygulamalarının yaygınlaştırılması için kongre, çalıştay gibi akademik faaliyetlerin uluslararası işbirlikleri ile düzenlenmesi önerilmektedir.

Bu çalışma tüketicilerin ızgara eti tüketim tercihlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın materyalini 406 kişiden yüz yüze anket yöntemi ile toplanan veriler oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada ankete dahil olan tüketicilerin tamamının et tükettiği belirlenmiştir. Değişkenlerin ortalama ve korelasyon değerlerine bakıldığında az pişmiş et değişkeninin ortalaması 1,863 ile katılımcıların nadiren tercih ettiğini göstermektedir. Diğer ortalama ve korelasyon değerleri incelendiğinde orta pişmiş et değişkeni 3,149; çok pişmiş et değişkeni 2,887; lezzet değişkeni ise 2,674 ortalama değerine sahip olması bu şekildeki etleri katılımcıların zaman zaman tercih ettiğini göstermiştir. Katılımcıların cinsiyeti ve ızgara eti tüketim tercihleri incelendiğinde orta pişmiş değişkeninde katılımcı cinsiyetinde anlamlı bir fark gözlenmezken (P>0,05); az pişmiş, çok pişmiş ve lezzet değişkenleri ile cinsiyet grupları arasında anlamlı bir fark (P<0,05) olduğu gözlenmiştir. Katılımcıların eğitim durumları ile ızgara eti tüketim tercihleri arasında yapılan analiz sonucunda ise üç farklı eğitim durumunda da anlamlı bir fark (P<0,05) olduğu görülmüştür. Izgara eti tüketim tercihi ölçeğinin açıklayıcı, doğrulayıcı faktör ve güvenilirlik analiz sonuçlarının kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hipotez test sonuçları incelendiğinde ise cinsiyet ve yaş hipotezleri kısmen kabul edilirken, eğitim hipotezleri tamamen kabul edilmiştir.

Numerous in-depth studies have described the fertility traits, growth performance and milk yield traits of dairy animals, which are considered indicators of welfare, but there are limited studies examining these traits within the framework of cause-effect relationships, especially in buffaloes. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in some milk, growth and fertility traits of Anatolian buffaloes over the years in some dairy farms where the Buffalo Breeding Project in Public Conditions was implemented in Samsun province and, to investigate the effects of first calving age (FCA) and calving interval (CI) on milk and growth traits. The study was conducted in 27 buffalo farms (3295 buffalo cows and 3317 buffalo calves) located in Bafra district, the region with the highest buffalo population in Samsun province, Türkiye. The data was taken from records previously kept within the scope of the relevant project. The data such as growth characteristics [birth weight (BW), 6th and 12th-mo live weight (LW) values of calves born between 2013-2020] and lactation traits of cows [lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation duration (LD)] and FCA and CI values were analyzed by analysis of variance. The effect of years on LMY of buffalo cows was found to be significant, and significant positive changes were determined from year to year. In addition, the BW, 6th-mo, and 12th-mo LW values of calves also varied from year to year. As the FCA value of buffaloes increased, the BW, 6th-mo, and 12th-mo LW values of calves and LMY of cows increased. Similarly, CI values affected the BW values of calves (P<0.01), and LMY and LD values increased in parallel with the increase in CI values. Consequently, determining the lactation and growth traits of buffaloes could benefit developing herd management practices that would optimize these performance indicators.