Virüsler, az sayıda gen taşıyan küçük bir genomdan ve bu genomu koruyup konak hücreye girişini sağlayan protein bir kılıftan oluşurlar. Diğer canlılardan farklı olarak aktif bir metabolizmaya sahip değillerdir. Çoğalmak için içine girdikleri hücrenin protein sentez ve enzim sistemlerinin kontrolünü ele geçirir, çok sayıda kopyalarını ürettikten sonra çoğunlukla hücrenin ölümüne yol açarak hücreden dışarı çıkarlar. Gıda içerisindeki sayıları değişmez ancak gıda ile iletilebilirler. Uygun işlemlerle gıdalarda etkisiz hale getirilebilirler. Hastalık etmeni bazı virüsler et, süt ve enfekte olmuş hayvanlardan gelen ürünler arasında bulunabilirler. Virüslere bağlı gastroenteritlerin sıklığının özellikle gelişmiş ülkeler başta olmak üzere giderek arttığı gözlenmektedir. Viral gastroenterit etkenlerinden Rotavirüs ve Enterik Adenovirüsler, çocuklarda akut gastroenteritlerin en sık görülen etkenleridir. Gıdalardaki virüsleri saptama yöntemleri yeteri kadar tatmin edici değildir ve gıda tedarikinin rutin olarak izlenmesinde tespiti çok zordur.

Star Ruby is the main grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) variety grown in Turkey; however, small fruit size is a common problem in ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit. Fruit size is a decisive external quality parameter in citrus at the marketing of fresh citrus fruits. Fruit size can be enhanced by several techniques such as girdling and thinning. Various plant growth regulators are known to affect the growth and size of citrus fruit. The objective of the present study was to observe the effects of 2,4 dichlorophenoxypropionic acid-p (2,4-DP-P) on the fruit size, yield and quality of Star Ruby from 20-year-old trees budded on sour orange rootstock in Adana, Turkey in 2007. Four concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 300 ppm) of 2,4-DP-P were applied 8 weeks after anthesis during physiological fruit drop when the mean fruit diameter was 13-15 mm. The results indicated that the application of 2,4-DP-P increased the fruit size of Star Ruby grapefruit without reducing yield. The application had a significant effect on fruit yield except for trees treated with 50 ppm 2,4-DP-P. Compared with the control trees, applications of 2,4-DP-P increased the number of large, commercially valuable Star Ruby (>93 mm, 89-93 mm and 84-89 mm). No effects were determined on fruit internal quality parameters. Thus, the results of the present study revealed that 2,4-DP-P can be used to improve the fruit size of Star Ruby fruitlets during the June drop.

In this study, it was aimed to examine of socio-economic structure of farmers related to organic olive cultivation activity in Gökçeada district of Çanakkale province in Turkey and to determine the knowledge level and approaches towards their organic agriculture. The data of the present study were obtained by survey from 121 farms related to organic olive cultivation determined by using the whole counting method. Data cover the production period in 2016-2017. Descriptive statistics and 5-point Likert-type scale was used to analyse the data. According to the results of study, it was found that the average age of farmers was 53.6 years, the average year of schooling of farmers was 7.5, the average household size was 3.7 persons, the average experience of farmers in organic olive cultivation was also 8.3 years and 10.7% of the farmers had the highest income (50.001₺-60.000₺). Furthermore, the most consciousness level about organic agriculture was determined as ''not use hazardous chemicals for nature and health in organic agriculture'' concept for farmers that make organic olive cultivation. As a result, this study is expected to contribute the development of district's economy and to rural development.

Hemorrhoids are swollen vascular vein pads in the upper part of the anal canal. The deformations in these tissues cause serious disturbances, and most important one is hemorrhoid, which is a symptomatic degenerative disease. Due to various etiologic factors, weakening and disintegration of connective tissue cause this disease. Many methods have been developed in the treatment of hemorrhoids from the past to the present day, and drug therapy is used as primary care. However, surgical treatment methods are applied in advanced stages in which the disease can not be treated with medication and when there is a life-threatening risk. As alternative medicine applications, herbal remedies have been used in hemorrhoid treatment for centuries. Prepared herbal mixtures or extracts are still frequently preferred by the patients today. In this context, in the research we have carried out in Beyköy village of Havza district; Teucrium orientale L. are used by regional people in the treatment of hemorrhoids and it was detected that the awareness of this herbal treatment is limited. In this study, the efficacy of T. orientale L. plant in hemorrhoid treatment was evaluated by conducting a questionnaire survey on the patients using plant extract. Of the approximately 500 patients using plant extracts, 89 agreed to fill out the questionnaire. Due to the results of the survey, it was found that all of the patients using the extract of T. orientale L. plant are healed partly or completely, and the benefit from the extract changed according to the patient's age and the stage of the disease. There has been no study on the use of this plant in the treatment of hemorrhoids in literature, and it is the first study to be done in this respect.

Olive leaves have been catching consumers’ and researchers’ great interest because of benefits on human health. In this study, the olive leaves were dried by microwave method at different powers (52, 90, 167, 290, 347 W real effective power levels) and drying kinetics of olive leaves were examined to find the best mathematical model. Page model was the most suitable model rather than the others. Diffusion coefficients were ranged between 2.65×10-10 to 6.87×10-10 m2/s and an increment in power level promoted moisture diffusivities. Dried olive leaves were used to get leave tea and different infusion temperatures were investigated to recover the total polyphenols (mg GAE/kg) and radical scavenging activities (%). Rising in infusion temperature, especially at 100°C enhanced the extraction levels of polyphenols from leave tea. Olive leaves dried at 167 W had higher phenolic contents (2282.9 mg GAE/kg) among all samples.

Lentil crop has largely been affected by global climate changing, particularly, due to rainfall and temperature changing and variability. Hence, the experiment was conducted in Central Highlands of Ethiopia, namely Akaki, Chefe Donsa and Bishoftu Agricultural Research Centre, in the 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons to assess the genotypic variation of lentil for growth and yield performances. Five lentil genotypes viz. 87S-93549 X EL-103-16, 87S-93549 X EL-103-9-1, Alemaya X FLIP 88-41L-02-AK-14, Alemaya X FLIP 88-41L-02-AK-6 were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications at all locations. The result of study revealed that the genotype 87S-93549 X EL-103-9-1 produced the highest seed yield of 1985.90 and 2500.00 kg ha-1 during 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons, respectively, at Akaki. On the other hand, the genotype Alemaya X FLIP 88-41L-02-AK-14 gave the highest seed yield (4189.1 kg ha-1) at Chefe Donsa in 2009 cropping season. The genotype X FLIP 88-41L-02-AK-14 was found to be the earliest in physiological maturity, accounting 128.75 days, and the genotype 87S-93549 X EL-103-9-1 had yield advantage of 27.6% over the local check at Chefe Donsa in the 2010 cropping season. Generally, all lentil genotypes were performed better at Chefe Donsa, followed by at Akaki and Bishoftu locations during both cropping seasons. Rainfall and temperature conditions have enormous influences on the growth and yields performances of lentil genotypes at all research locations. The study inspires other studies to be conducted on other factors than climate events thwarting the production of lentil crops in the study areas.

The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the intensity of use of improved bread wheat package adoption in the study area. Two kebeles was selected randomly among the potentially wheat producing kebeles in each selected districts and a total of 120 randomly selected households were interviewed for this study. Tobit model was used to elucidate factors affecting adoption of technology packages. Result of the econometric model indicated, male headship (sex), TLU and multiple production objective orientation were important variables which had positively and significantly influenced adoption and intensity of adoption of improved bread wheat production package. Whereas, age of the household, increased annual off-non farm income, increased areas of own farm land, being far apart from the farmer training center and residences had shown negative relationship with adoption and intensity of adoption. The overall finding of the study underlined the high importance of institutional support such as extension; credit and market to enhance adoption of improved wheat production package. Therefore, policy and development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale farmers.

Bu çalışma 2009-2010 yıllarında Hatay ilinin, Antakya merkez ilçeye bağlı, Narlıca beldesinde bulunan iki farklı yonca tarlasında yürütülmüş olup, yonca bitkisinde bulunan fitofag türler, doğal düşman türleri ve bunların popülasyon yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İlk yıl iki haftada bir, ikinci yıl haftalık olarak yapılan örneklemelerde, köşegenler doğrultusunda yürüyerek 25 atraplık örnekleme yapılmış, ayrıca farklı doğrultularda yürürken 8-10 adımda bir durularak alınan toplam 30 yonca sapı üzerinde bulunan yaprakbitleri ve thrips bireyleri ile galeri sineklerine ait galeriler sayılarak kaydedilmiştir. Yapılan örnekleme ve sayımlar sonucunda beş takıma ait 14 familyaya bağlı 53 fitofag tür ve altı takıma ait dokuz familyaya bağlı 20 predatör ve 10 parazitoit olmak üzere 30 doğal düşman türü elde edilmiştir. Cicadellidae, 19 tür ile en fazla tür içeren familya olmuş, bu familya içerisindeki türlerden ise Asymmetrasca decedens ve Empoasca decipiens en yoğun bulunan türler olmuştur. Lygus rugulipennis ise tüm fitofag türler içerisinde en baskın bulunan tür olarak görülmüştür. Tüm zararlı tür popülasyonlarının her defasında biçimlerden etkilenerek düşüş gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Tür sayısı bakımından zengin olan doğal düşmanlara bakıldığında ise predatör türlerin ağırlıkta olduğu ve bölgede yılda yapılan yaklaşık 7-8 biçime rağmen tarlada popülasyonlarının süreklilik arz ettiği görülmüştür.

Modern agricultural applications contain various biologic physical and chemical process steps to maximize the durability and fertility of the products. Because of the apprehensions that come out as a result of increase in usage of chemical input in these processes, some alternative concepts have been come to exist for modern agricultural applications. Even these approaches match with traditional applications, they differ by their some outstanding features. By the help of industrial devolution in 18TH century, the increasing popularity and global warming caused the people to notice the ecologic deformation on the earth and accordingly saving the ecology and the earth became one of the main topics of current issues. The biodynamic agriculture system is founded in 1924 by Rudolf Steiner (philosopher) and E. Pfeiffer (agronomist) and built on an anthropologic theory that based on human-nature-universe concept. Biodynamic agriculture is familiar with organic agriculture. Mainly both of them are originated by oppositional perspective on using chemical input (manure, pesticide, herbicide, hormone e.g.). The main dissimilitude of biodynamic agriculture with organic apart from philosophical and historical aspects is, using the biodynamic preparations includes some minerals or specific herbs those are fermented with animal organs. In this review study, the differences between organic and biodynamic agriculture are analysed by emphasizing the main advantages of biodynamic agriculture.

This research; The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the media on the consumer preferences of broiler meat consumption in different regions, different age, income, education level and occupational groups. For this purpose, a total of 1350 (Kayseri 500, Sivas 450, Yozgat 400) sample face-to-face surveys were conducted on three villages in Kayseri, Sivas and Yozgat provinces (TR 72 Region). In the study, the sample volume was determined by simple one-pass random sampling method based on the population ratios. The change in the impact of poultry-related negative media coverage on the consumption of poultry products has been examined on the TR72 region basis. In terms of the rate of followers of poultry news, the three provinces differ significantly from each other, and in general, about 75% of the individuals follow news about poultry. Percentage of people who think that the feeding of broiler chickens is not healthy is 60.4% on average, and regional differences are found significant in this value. The proportion of those who were affected by media news and reduced the amount of poultry consumption was 36.1%, with regional differences being significant. Negative news in the media about poultry sector was effective enough to cause marketing problems in this area, consumers were following these news at a high rate, while using media tools, more effective promotion and information had to be done.