The aim of this study is to determine the consumption habits of aquatic products in Ardahan province and its districts. The study carried out between 2014 and 2015 was prepared face to face with the consumers by using a questionnaire prepared to measure the consumption habits of aquatic products. The research material consisted of data collected from 302 people by face to face survey method. When the demographic data were analysed according to the results of the study; 73.84% of the respondents were native to Ardahan and 26.15% were immigrants, 38.08% were female, 61.92% were male, the average age was 32.50 and the average monthly income was 1862.80 TL. According to the findings of the study, per capita annual fish consumption is 39 kg and per capita monthly fish consumption is 3.25 kg. The most preferred species of freshwater fish was trout (75.22%), while anchovy was found in marine fish (48.57%). While 21.98% of the participants consume fish, 18.73% chicken, 17.62% veal, 13.52% goose, 13.34% sheep, 6.67% goat meat and 4.19% turkey meat, only 1.71% prefer aquatic species such as mussels and shrimps. The important reason why fish is preferred is being healthy with 45.03%. The other most consumed aquatic products is mussel with 11.92%. It was determined that 76.49% of the consumers did not consume aquatic products other than fish. As a result, it is determined that although there is no coastline of Ardahan and the socio-economic level of the people is not high, the consumption of fish is high. The people of the region who deal with cattle as a source of livelihood prefer to consume aquatic products. In this respect, Ardahan is at the level that can be an example to Turkey.

It is well known that alternative food additives are being researched following the prohibition of the addition of antibiotics to poultry feed as growth factors. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as alternatives to antibiotics. AMPs, produced by bacteria, insects, amphibians and mammals, as well as by chemical synthesis. In particular, their natural antimicrobial properties and their low tendency to create resistance in micro-organisms suggest that they might be a good alternative to antibiotics. They are not only effective against bacteria, but are also known to be effective against fungi and viruses. In studies on pigs and broiler chickens, they have been shown to be beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, the immune system, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota. Antimicrobial peptides are small biological molecules formed from 12-60 amino acids. AMPs have been reported to kill bacteria, in particular those showing resistance to multiple antibiotics. AMPs block the development of harmful bacteria while encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria. For instance, it has been reported that sublancin reduces the Clostridium perfringens count while increasing the numbers of Lactobacilli. Furthermore, they have been proved to have a strong effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some of the AMPs used in broiler chicken feeding are sublancin, secropin, magainin, nisin and defensin. These peptides can be used by adding them to feed or to drinking water. This review has attempted to find an answer to the question of whether AMPs added to the feed of broiler chickens can be an alternative to antibiotics by examining previous studies.

An 8-week experiment was conducted to study the effect of added Natuphos® 5000 phytase in corn–soybean meal-based diets on laying hens fed different levels of crude protein (CP) (14 and 17%). Two levels of phytase enzyme were used: 0 and 600 Phytase Units (FTU)/kg feed. The experiment used 144 Hisex Brown laying hens in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Four treatments and three replicates per treatment with 12 hens per replicate were used. Egg production was recorded daily while egg weight was assessed on 13th and 14th day of each two-week period to calculate total egg mass. Total excreta were collected and approximately 10% of the amount was used for analysis after drying in a forced draft oven. The results showed no significant effect of added phytase on excreta Calcium (Ca) content, but significantly lower Magnesium (Mg) content was observed with phytase (3.54, 2.48, 3.13 and 2.75 % for hens fed 14% CP no phytase, 14% CP + phytase, 17% CP no phytase, and 17% CP + phytase, respectively). Added phytase also significantly decreased Mg excretion measured as grams/kg of egg mass (21.43, 12.47, 16.76 and 14.75 g/kg egg mass for hens of respective dietary treatments. Phytase had a strong effect on Zink (Zn) levels with 438.96, 369.17, 434.38 and 374.58 mg Zn/kg dry excreta of hens. Similar results were observed with Cu. Added phytase significantly reduced the excreta content and the excretion of Cu. The results of this experiment indicate that adding 600 FTU to laying hen diets containing 14% CP decreases the excretion of Mg, Zn and Cu without any adverse effects on the egg mass produced of laying hens.

Bu çalışmada, Reseda lutea L. (Resedaceae), Salvia absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet. (Lamiaceae), Thymus leucostomus Hausskn. & Velen. (Lamiaceae), Chorispora purpurascens (Banks & Sol.) Eig (Brassicaceae), Isatis floribunda Boiss. ex Bornm. (Brassicaceae), Linum tenuifolium L. (Linaceae) bitkilerinden elde edilen methanol ekstraktlarının Tribolium confusum Duv. (Col.: Tenebrionidae) ve Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Col.: Bostrichidae) üzerindeki toksik etkileri laboratuvar koşullarında test edilmiştir. Bitkilerden elde edilen methanol ekstraktları zararlıların erginlerine micro-aplicator yardımıyla uygulanmıştır. Yapılan tek doz (%10 (w/v)) etki çalışması sonucunda T. confusum (%23,17) ve R. dominica (%18,35)’ya karşı en yüksek kontakt toksisiteyi C. purpurascens bitkisinden elde edilen ekstrakt göstermiştir.

This study was conducted to assess the structural and environmental conditions and potential problems of under-cover production systems of Çarşamba town, which constitute about 87,81% of under-cover production potential of Samsun Province through comprehensive literature search and to develop possible solutions towards these problems. Selected facilities were analyzed for their structural characteristics, production techniques, technology use, environmental conditions through surveys, drawings, observations and photographs. Present findings revealed that all of the family type under-cover production systems are composed of individual (single) constructions. Facility owners had quite low level of education and under-cover production systems constituted a significant place in their economic statuses. Under-cover production systems were mostly lack of technology because of financial burdens and unplanned production activities. Ventilation, heating and cooling systems, playing a significant role in control of environmental conditions, were mostly insufficient and relevant design criteria were not mostly taken into consideration. With this study, potential problems were identified, structural and environmental requirements of under-cover production systems were determined, and recommendations were provided to producers accordingly.

Valuation of postharvest loss and identification of its causes enables to develop proper measures required to reduce losses. The study was conducted at “Fogera” District, South Gondar, Ethiopia between 2017 and 2018 years to assess the extent of postharvest loss of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and to identify major causes with respective handling system. In this study, a total of 125 farmers and 40 traders (10 wholesalers and 30 retailers) were involved as main respondents. Data collection was done using semi structured interview schedule, key informant interview, focus group discussion and observation. Besides respondents estimation, a sample analysis was conducted to estimate the extent of postharvest loss as per the FAO minimum quality standards. Descriptive statistics such as average, percentage, frequency and standard deviation were used to analyse data and tables, graphs and charts were used to present result. Result revealed that almost half of tomato produced is damaged and puts out of normal use with highest loss at producer level due to different causes which are complex and interrelated across tomato market chain. Marketing situation, insect pest and disease, lack of awareness, low economic status of producers, late harvesting, mechanical damage during harvesting and transportation, poor quality of produce and price fall were some of the reasons identified as major cause of post-harvest loss of tomato. For solving the postharvest loss problems, actors in supply chain has to develop cooperation and effective communication among all the research, extension, and industry personnel involved.

Bilgisayarlı görüntüleme sistemi, kamera, görüntü yakalama kartı, bilgisayar donanımı ve görüntü işleme teknolojilerinin bir birleşimidir. Günümüzde güvenlik garantisi sağlayan gıdalar tüketiciler tarafından daha fazla tercih edilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda gıda endüstrisinde nitel bilgi sağlama ve belirli işlemleri hızlandırma olanakları sağlaması açısından bilgisayarlı görüntüleme sistemi sektöre çeşitli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Bilgisayarlı görüntüleme sistemi, uygun görüntü işleme ve analizleme algoritmaları ile geleneksel yöntemlerden daha hızlı olması, doğru ve güvenilir sonuçlar sağlaması açısından günümüzde tahıllar, meyve sebze, et ve deniz ürünleri ve diğer bazı işlenmiş gıdaların kontrolünde geniş çapta uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Sistemin objektifliği, hızlılığı, ekonomikliği ve etkinliği bilgisayarlı görüntüleme sisteminin önemli avantajları olarak değerlendirilmekte ve sektörde alternatif bir yöntem olarak gelişim göstermektedir.

Var olduğu günden beri doğa ile etkileşim halinde olan insanoğlu doğadan farklı amaçlar için yararlanmaktadır. Eğlenmek, çeşitli aktivitelerde bulunmak, kendini iyi hissetmek için her zaman doğanın bir parçası olan yeşil alanlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Ancak insanlar; hızlı ve çarpık şehirleşme, sanayileşme ve teknoloji gibi faaliyetler sebebiyle azalan yeşil alanlarla artan kapalı mekanlarda yaşamlarını devam ettirmektedir. Kırsal alanlarda yaşayan insanların da artan kaygıları, onları şehirlere çekmeye başlamış, kentler giderek yoğunlaşmış, birçok kentte ihtiyacı karşılamak adına betonlar yükselmiş, yaşam kalitesi azalmış, doğa hiç bozulmayacakmış gibi tahrip edilmiş ve bugün birçok konut yeşil alansız, bahçesi olmadan inşa edilmiştir. Yeşile özlem duyan, doğadan uzaklaşan günümüz insanında depresyon ve buna bağlı olarak gelişen psikolojik bozukluklar görülmeye başlanmıştır. Doğa ve doğal alanların insanlar üzerindeki olumlu etkileri birçok bilim insanı tarafından da tespit edilmiştir. Son yıllarda, insan sağlığı üzerinde yapısal çevrenin etkileri dikkat çekmiş ve “iyileştirici bahçe” kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. İyileştirici bahçeler peyzaj mimarlığı çalışmalarında da yeni bir hareket etkisi oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada; iyileştirici bahçelerin çeşitli sağlık problemleri olan hastalar üzerindeki etkilerinden bahsedilerek, tasarım ilkelerine göre değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.

The aim of this study is to make economic analysis of the production period of 2017-2018 and the results of the annual activity. The data of the research was created as primary and original questionnaires through face-to-face interviews. The sample volume was determined by stratified sampling method. The enterprises are classified according to land size as 1-50, 51-100, 101- +. The questionnaire numbers were distributed proportionally to the producer. The average land size of the enterprises is 125,32 decare in the city. Gross production value (GSÜD) was found to be 191.766.73 TL, gross product (GSH) was 197.041.98 TL, gross profit was 756.73 TL/ha, pure product was 412.23 TL/ha and annual value was 367.77 TL/ha. When the production examined was examined, it was concluded that the history of the analysis in the third groups was told. In addition, economic profitability, financial profitability and financial profitability were reported as 2.57%, 3.27% and 26.22%, respectively.

The first introduction of human being with milk begins with human milk during infancy, continues with very commonly with cow’s milk and may be with other milk types during lifetime. Cow breeding and utilizing its milk in nutrition is widespread in the world. There are particular species common to their area such as donkey, camel, mare, yak and llama have an important share in milk production in the world. Donkey milk has higher serum protein and lower casein content being similar to human milk so regarded as a good and safer alternative for infants suffering from cow’s milk protein allergy. Mare milk is used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of some metabolic and allergic illnesses. It is generally consumed as fermented product. Llama milk contains higher amounts of calcium and phosphorus than cow's milk. Camel milk has high vitamin and mineral content and has claimed to have medicinal proteins. Its casein micelle size is larger naturally and it has lower amount of κ-casein these cause difficulties in cheese making and affect curd quality. Reindeer milk is an energy dense food with its high fat and high protein content when compared to cow’s milk. Its high protein content could make it suitable for protein supplementation. Its low lactose content makes its consumption possible by lactose intolerance patients. Yak is richer in almost all main nutritional components when compared with cow’s milk. It can be used in cheese, butter making and dried milk products. The objective of this review was to represent the composition of different animal species’ milks; other than cow, buffalo, sheep and goat, their importance in nutrition and technological use.