Wheat is an essential crop throughout the world and especially in Pakistan. It has a great yield potential which can cope with the raising food challenges of the world but there is a more need to increase its yield with its increasing demand. There is a need to increase the yield by improving the genetic characters. Breeder’s intention is to find out the variability in the genetic lines and by the use of these lines they can develop the high yielding breeding lines. Multi-ovary is a novel character to increase the number of grains per spikelet. What type of gene actions control that? From this review we get that some support the single dominant gene controlled trait, some support the two recessive non-complementary genes controlled trait and some favour the both as it is controlled by both dominant and recessive genes in different tri-grain lines. Secondly there is a need to study the genetic variation for the yield contributing traits. So that we can improve our genotypes to attain high yield. How we can evaluate yield and yield components. Combining ability is a considerable tool for this. Literature revealed that additive gene action contributes more towards yield than non-additive. In this many lines also came forward as good combiners which in future we can use them for a successful wheat hybridization program.

This study was conducted in Kumkale Plain of Çanakkale Province. In this research, it is aimed to determine which factors the regional farmers take into consideration in their production and the costs of the products they obtain. The data of the study consisted of primary and original questionnaires provided through face-to-face interviews. The sample volume was determined by stratified sampling method and 99 questionnaires were conducted. The enterprises are ranked according to land size and divided into three layers as 1-50, 51-100, 101 decare and above. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) method was used to determine producer preferences as well as simple cost calculations. The criteria of the study were determined as mechanization, irrigation facilities, supply of inputs, marketing opportunities, aquaculture information, product prices, input prices and labor force. According to the results of AHS obtained from the study, wheat ranked first with 0.213 points and sunflower ranked second with 0.196 points. The remaining alternatives are paddy, tomato, corn (seed) and silage maize respectively. According to AHS results, wheat, sunflower, paddy, tomato, corn and silage maize are preferred. Product costs are calculated as follows; 0.52 TL/kg for tomatoes, 1.56 TL/kg for paddy , 1.16 TL/kg for grain corn, 0.14 TL/kg for silage maize, 0.69 TL/kg for wheat and 1.44 TL/kg for sunflower.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular nonalcoholic beverages in the world. During tea infusion, both essential mineral elements and toxic metals are extracted into the beverage. In oriental countries, almost a liter of tea is consumed daily by an average adult. Thus, high toxic elements in traditional teas can be of concern. Aim of the study was to determine the essential element contents and toxic heavy metal concentrations in tea products available on the market in Turkey and comparing the contents of infusion for Turkish and Ceylon black and green tea types. The associated health risk to tea drinkers were estimated with reference to Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) Values from US EPA for adults and children. Among the essential elements in all of the black teas purchased from the market, K was present at the highest concentration followed by Mg, Ca and Al. Pb and Mn contents of several tea samples were found over the Tolerable Daily Intake levels.

Oregano, which grows widely in the temperate regions of Europe, Asia and North Africa, has been known as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Thyme used in the spice industry and in the pharmaceutical industry due to its anti-fungal and antiseptic properties because it has an aromatic smell, also contains some vitamins and minerals that humans and animals need. The use of oregano, which comes to the forefront in the feeding of small ruminants during the times when animal feeds are scarce in our country, is becoming more and more important in small head and poultry production and good agriculture and organic farming applications due to some secondary metabolites it contains.

This research was performed to elucidate the effects of temperature on the degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in shalgam beverage. Shalgam beverage was produced according to traditional production method. Then, it was kept at three different temperatures (65°C, 75°C, and 85°C) for 12 hours, and the relevant quantities of anthocyanins were determined thereafter. The research revealed that degradation of the anthocyanins was well described with a 1st-order reaction kinetics model and the R2 values varied in the range of 0.9059-0.9715. Activation energy of the reaction was determined to be 48537 Joule/mole. The half-lives of anthocyanins at 65°C and 75° C, and 85°C were found to be 138.63, 136.72, and 51.57, respectively. Compared the half-life periods at different temperatures, anthocyanins were found to be more resistant at 65°C and 75°C than at 85°C.

Nowadays, “energy production” and “global climate change and mitigation”, which are in direct relation with each other, are the most important environmental problems waiting for a solution. Renewable and sustainable energy sources provide the most appropriate alternatives for the solution of this problem. In Turkey, one of the important raw material potential of renewable and sustainable energy sources is “Biomass energy”; it is used in biogas production, biofuel production such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biobuthanol and gasification-burning technology. In this study; the potential for agricultural wastes derived from agricultural activities and domestic wastes from Çukurkuyu town of Niğde where the main economic source are agriculture and livestock, were calculated by using incineration technology, which is one of the methods of production of renewable electric energy. In this study, a feasibility study was carried out for the production of renewable electricity from the wastes generated in the town and the potential of renewable electricity generation was determined by the obtained data. Moreover, in this study, fossil fuel balance of the electricity produced from biomass was determined and potential for greenhouse gas emission reduction was determined. Thus, as an alternative to fossil fuels, energy production from renewable sources has been determined both in agricultural waste management.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the organizational structure, current state and problems of the dairy cattle breeding enterprises in the province of Uşak and to develop solutions to these problems according to the number of cattle they have. In the study, a questionnaire consisting of 95 questions was applied to 165 enterprises owners selected by multi-stage random sampling method and the obtained data were evaluated with the help of SPSS program package. Enterprises are grouped by animal assets; the enterprises having 1-9 heads cattle were classified as the first group, the enterprises having 10-20 heads cattle were classified as the second group and the enterprises having 21 heads and more cattle were classified as the third group. It was found that the daily milk yield varies significantly among the groups. It was determined that 16.80 kg/day in the 1st group, 19.50 kg/day in the 2nd group and 22.60 kg/day milk yield was obtained in the 3rd group. It was determined that many activities and parameters related cattle production in the 3rd group are highly good. However, it was determined that the main problems experienced particularly in small-scale enterprises are the supply of concentrate feed and coarse fodder, high cost of basic inputs such as feed and failure in marketing the produced products at a value price. It can be suggested that if the feed intake is supplied within the organization and the produced products are directly marketed, then these problems can be alleviated. It has been determined that dairy cattle businesses, which are mostly small scale family type enterprises in Uşak province, should be developed to large scale commercial enterprises where intensive production is carried out by providing various incentives and support.

Coffee is one of the most valuable cash crops in Rwanda. Coffee production in Rwanda stands high among three different export crops such as tea, pyrethrum, and was recently set as priority crop where more attention should be concentrated. This study estimates the impact of climate change and variation on coffee yield in Huye district, southern province of Rwanda. In this research both secondary and primary data were used and primary data were gathered from a random sample of 110 households in HUYE District. Coffee farmers were interviewed in August-September 2016 using structured questionnaires that were administered to household’s heads via person-interviews. Climate data (temperature and precipitation) were collected from the Rwanda Meteorological Station located in RUBONA Station. The results from climate change model has revealed that approximately 74% of change in the coffee production during the last 17 years was explained by climate factors jointly. The results indicate that coffee farms near Huye Mountain are highly vulnerable to precipitation variation like erosion during heavy rain in March through May and drought from June through August.

Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) STEARN is a medical and aromatic plant which grows naturally in various countries of the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural antioxidant content and antioxidant activity of Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) STEARN plant, an Allium subspecies of the Alliaceae family. Plants which grow naturally in 7 different locations of 3 cities (Samsun, Nevşehir and Tokat) of Turkey were used in the study. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural antioxidant content and antioxidant capacity of wild leek plant, an Allium subspecies of the Alliaceae family, which grows in three different cities (Samsun, Nevşehir and Tokat). The material of the study consists of 42 wild leek samples from 7 different locations of Samsun, Tokat and Nevşehir. Some physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant features of both bulbs and leaves of samples were determined separately; allicin, an organosulfur compound, was specified qualitatively and thermal behaviours of the samples were monitored through TGA/DSC analysis. As a result of the analyses conducted, in the bulb and leaf parts of the samples, total phenolic matter values were 254.51-927.81 and 1929.05-19645.24 mg/kg, FRAP was 0.80-5.20 and 14.31-47.83 mM TE/g, DPPH free radical scavenger effect was 0.99-9.02 and 36.61-241.06 µmol TE/g and ascorbic acid content was 29.14-314.01 mg/kg and 200.64-1383.16 mg/kg, respectively. These data reveal that the leaf’s of A. scorodoprasum subsp. rotundum plants are rich in antioxidants. In conclusion, it was found that the antioxidant activity of the plants differs significantly in terms of the parts of the plant and growth location.

Sun dried (T. fasciata) was stored with airtight polyethylene bags at room temperature to investigate the changes in physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics for 90 days. Sensory and physical (water reconstitution, pH) characteristics of dried T. fasciata showed that the product was acceptable up to 60 days of storage. Moisture content of T. fasciata was significantly increased from 15.06% to 17.80% during the storage period. No significant difference was observed in protein, lipid and ash content on dry matter basis during storage. However, amount of lipids of the dried fish was slightly decreased with the increasing of storage time. The pH value of dried T. fasciata was decreased significantly from 6.51 to 5.94 during the storage period. The peroxide value was increased from 13.84 to 27.87 meq/Kg of lipid. Similarly, acid value and conjugated diene of the lipids were increased significantly, and this result suggested that lipid oxidation occurred over this period of time. Microbial load was also increased from 1.13 to 8.37 log CFU/g with the increasing of storage time. Results of this study showed that the product was oxidized marginally during the storage period and suitable for human consumption up to 60 days.