Tip 2 diyabet (T2DM), vücudun insülin hormonunu etkili bir şekilde kullanamamasıyla karakterize edilen ve yüksek kan şekeri seviyelerine yol açan kronik bir metabolik hastalıktır. Süt, T2DM yönetiminde olumlu etkileri olduğu belirtilen önemli besin bileşenleri bakımından zengin bir kaynaktır. Sütte kaynaklı biyoaktif bileşenler, süt proteinlerinden, yağlarından ve diğer bileşenlerinden türeyen, vücutta çeşitli biyolojik aktiviteler gösteren ve sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkiler sağlayan moleküllerdir. Bu bileşenler (proteinler, peptitler, yağ asitleri), süt ürünlerinin tüketimi sırasında ya da süt proteinlerinin sindirilmesi ve hidroliz edilmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Son dönemde yapılan müdahale çalışmaları, süt kaynaklı biyoaktif proteinlerin, peptitlerin ve yağ asitlerinin T2DM'nin önlenmesi ve yönetiminde yararlı etkiler sağladığını göstermektedir. Süt biyoaktif bileşenleri arasında kazein, kazein türevi peptitler, peynir altı suyu proteinleri ve peynir altı suyu proteini türevi peptitler yer almaktadır. Bu biyoaktif bileşenler, çeşitli mekanizmalar aracılığıyla anti-diyabetik etkiler göstermektedir. Bu mekanizmalar arasında insülin duyarlılığının artırılması, glukoz metabolizmasının düzenlenmesi ve inflamasyonun azaltılması yer almaktadır. İnsanlarda gerçekleştirilen müdahale çalışmaları sonucunda, süt kaynaklı bu biyoaktif bileşenlerin açlık kan şekeri seviyelerini düşürdüğünü ve insülin duyarlılığını artırdığı ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu çalışma, sütten elde edilen biyoaktif bileşiklerin (proteinler, peptitler ve yağ asitleri) anti-diyabetik etkilerini ve bu bileşiklerin T2DM yönetimindeki etki mekanizmalarını inceleyen güncel çalışmaları kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Böylece, süt biyoaktif bileşenlerinin T2DM üzerindeki potansiyel faydaları ve klinik uygulamaları hakkında bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır.

The addition of dietary fibres (DF) obtained from by-products into bread is an attractive way to enhance consumers’ fibre consumption while simultaneously reducing waste from by-products. This study aimed to examine the viability of replacing kohlrabi peel powder (KPP) into white bread at levels ranging from 0% to 12%. The technological and nutritional characteristics of white breads were evaluated, and sensory analysis was conducted. The specific volume values of the samples ranged from 1.486 to 1.861 mL/g. The findings showed that the specific volume of the white bread samples decreased when KPP was used at concentrations higher than 3%. The sample coded N4 (9%) exhibited higher moisture levels in both the crumb and crust, compared to the all bread samples (p˂0.05). The nutritional features of the bread samples varied as follows: ash content ranged from 0.573% to 0.588%, protein from 6.460% to 7.998%, fat from 3.200% to 4.200%, total DF from 0.250% to 3.214%, total carbohydrate content from 51.963% to 69.272%, and energy levels from 211.7 to 324.0 kcal. The sample coded N3 (6%) was approved by the panelists, however the other samples with a greater quantity of KBB were not favored. SEM images showed the gluten structure in the enriched bread samples coded N2, N3 and N4 were constituted by fibrous components that established a more open network. The study’s results indicated that elevated amounts of KPP might enhance the DF content of white bread; however, consumers do not favor higher fibre content in the bread samples. Utilization of 6% KPP could enhance the technological, nutritional, and sensory characteristics of white bread.

Agricultural land cover has changed over time, and monitoring these changes has become an effective tool in development processes by linking them to ecological and socio-economic issues. In this context, the main hypothesis of the study is that “determining land use changes spatially and temporally using CORINE Land Cover data is crucial in development-oriented planning processes.” The study analyzes changes in agricultural land use based on CORINE land cover classes between 1990 and 2018 in the districts of Saray, Şarköy, and Hayrabolu in Tekirdağ Province, which have low levels of socio-economic development. The research aims to answer the following questions: during which periods did significant changes occur in agricultural areas in Saray, Şarköy, and Hayrabolu? What are the total rates of increase or decrease in these areas? Into what types of land have agricultural are+as significantly transformed? The methodology was developed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based maps, graphs, and tables. The findings reveal the spatial and temporal dimensions of changes in agricultural land use and land cover between 1990 and 2018. The data obtained are anticipated to provide a concrete foundation for developing rural development policies and ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources.

Tarihin başlangıcından beri insanların yaşamlarını sürdürebilmeleri için en temel gereksinimleri gıda ürünleri (yiyecek-içecek) olmuştur. Artan insan nüfusu ile gıda ürünlerine olan ihtiyaç da artmış ve gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte, gıda sektöründe gerçekleştirilen seri üretimlerle bu ihtiyaçlar karşılanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak küreselleşmenin de etkisiyle artan kitlesel gıda ürünlerinin güvenliği sorunu ortaya çıkmış ve bu da toplumları gıda güvenliği ve izlenebilirliği politikaları ve izlenebilirlik sistemleri oluşturmaya yönlendirmiştir. Bu derlemede 18. yy’da buharlı makinelerin kullanımıyla ortaya çıkan 1. Endüstri Devrimi ile başlayıp günümüzde endüstriyel süreçlerde makinelerin insan gücüne göre etkin bir rol almaya başladığı 4. Endüstri Devrimi (Endüstri 4.0) dahil olmak üzere endüstriyel devrim aşamaları ele alınmış ve bunların gıda sektöründeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Endüstri 4.0’ün temel prensipleri ve uygulamalarının gıdada izlenebilirlikte kullanımı ile ilgili çalışmalar araştırılarak tartışılmıştır.

The tomato is a significant vegetable in the world on the basis of consumption, nutrition, and extensive use in processed foods. During plant growth and development, amino acids especially exogenous application of proline (Pro), plays a crucial role to increase stress tolerance under various abiotic stresses. Among abiotic stressors, temperature is considered as an important and alarming stressor for plant development and growth. Sometime a significant drop in crop productivity is the outcome of harsh temperature increment. An investigation was carried out at the Horticulture Lab, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, during 2021-22 to inspect the role of foliar application of proline under heat stress in tomato plants. Tomato seedlings with true leaves were exposed to high temperatures (25°C [control], 40°C, and 45°C) with exogenous proline sprays of (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mili-molars). Various growth attributes like morphological i-e number of leaves, leaf area cm2, shoot fresh weight (mg), shoot dry weight (mg), root fresh weight (mg), root dry weight (mg), and physiological [photosynthetic rate (µ mol/m-2s-1)], chlorophyll contents (spad), stomatal conductance (µ mols m-2 s-1 transpiration rate (µ mol/m-2 s-1),)] were studied. The findings indicated that foliar application of proline at 1.5 mM under heat stress on 40oC and 45oC was found to be more advantageous to improve growth attributes like number of leaves (12.2), leaf area (8.3 cm2), shoot length (10.39 cm), shoot fresh weight (1.88 mg), shoot dry weight (0.28 mg), root dry weight (0.20 mg), and remediated the detrimental effect of heat stress in tomato plants. The variation between control and proline treated heat-stressed plants supported that proline may have a function in alleviating heat stress.

The present study aims to evaluate the energy production potential from walnut (Juglans regia L.) residues, specifically pruning waste and shell biomass, in Kırşehir province, Türkiye. Data collected between 2019 and 2023 were analyzed to quantify the biomass availability and its corresponding energy potential across various districts in the region. The findings reveal that total biomass production from pruning residues increased from 1220.36 t in 2019 to 1322.69 t in 2023, resulting in an energy potential growth from 19,904.02 GJ to 21,573.11 GJ. A similar trend was observed in shell biomass, which rose from 483.11 t to 523.62 t, resulting in an energy potential increase from 9164.60 GJ to 9933.12 GJ. The Kaman district consistently dominated, accounting for over 55% of the total energy potential, while Boztepe and Çiçekdağı exhibited the lowest contributions. The total energy production potential from walnut residues in 2023 was estimated at 31,506.22 GJ (31.51 TJ), corresponding to an annual electricity generation capacity of approximately 8751.74 MWh. The study emphasizes the higher energy potential of pruning residues compared to shell biomass and highlights regional disparities in biomass availability, underscoring the need for targeted strategies to optimize resource utilization. The findings indicate that the utilization of walnut residues for bioenergy purposes has the potential to substantially mitigate fossil fuel dependency and to promote sustainable energy development in the region.

In this research, the usability of spent mushroom compost/substrate (SMC/SMS) as casing material was investigated. For this purpose, different volumes of peat and spent mushroom substrate (peat, peat + SMS (1/1), peat + SMS (1/2), peat + SMS (2/1), SMS) were used as casing material. The effects of spent mushroom substrate waste used as casing material and different volumes of peat applications on cap length, cap diameter, stipe length, stipe diameter, hardness, number of mushrooms, average mushroom weight, yield of cultivated mushrooms were determined. Different casing material applications affected stipe length, hardness, number of mushrooms, average mushroom weight and yield. Although the highest yield was obtained from peat application (59.86 kg 100 kg-1 compost), it has been shown that spent mushroom substrate waste can be used in casing material mixtures in mushroom cultivation.

Sebzeler, meyveler ve otlar dengeli beslenmenin ana unsurlarıdır. Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum tropical meyve türlerinden biridir. Dünyadaki bir çok değişik bölgelerde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de Akdeniz bölgesinde özellikle de Antalya’da tropikal bir meyve olan Rambutan yetişmektedir. Tropik ve nemli coğrafyada yetiştirilip tüketilen Rambutanın 200’den fazla çeşiti vardır. Hem taze hem de kuru olarak tüketilmesi mümkün olan bu meyve, hafif ekşi ve ağırlıklı tatlı bir tada sahiptir. Bu ilk çalışma olup, taze Rambutan meyve ekstraktlarının farklı solventlerinde ve saklama koşullarında in vitro antioksidan kapasiteyi ve oksidatif stresi araştırmak amaçlandı. Antalya ilinden temin edilen taze Rambutan meyvesi kullanıldı. Taze Rambutan meyvesi %1,15 KCl (potasyum klorür), %0,9 NaCl (sodyum klorür) ve 0,1 M (Molar) fosfat tamponu ile ekstrakte edilip homojenleştirildi. Bu bitki homojenatlarında oksidatif stresin göstergesi olan antioksidan enzim aktivitesi MDA (malondialdehit), SOD (süperoksit dismutaz) ve CAT (katalaz) seviyeleri ölçüldü. Ayrıca rambutan meyve ekstraktlarının depolama koşulları 1., 3., 5., 7., 15. ve 30. günlerde +4℃,-20℃ ve -70℃'de incelendi. MDA, SOD ve CAT düzeyleri bu homojenatlarda spektrofotometrik olarak ölçüldü. En yüksek antioksidan kapasitenin ve en düşük MDA düzeyinin %1,15 KCI içeren meyve ekstraktında bulundu. Ancak en düşük antioksidan kapasite ve en yüksek MDA düzeyi, fosfat tamponlu meyve ekstraktında bulundu. Ayrıca Rambutan meyvesinin +4℃’de yaklaşık 1-2 gün, -20℃’de yaklaşık 10 gün ve -70℃’de yaklaşık 15 gün boyunca aktivitesini koruduğu gözlemlendi. Sonuçlar, Rambutan meyvesinin yüksek düzeyde antioksidan güçte olup geliştirilme potansiyelinde bir gıda olduğunu göstermiştir.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of palm oil, African walnut oil and their blends on hematological, inflammatory, and some oxidative stress markers in high fat diet (HFD) obese-induced Wistar rats. Obesity was induced for 60 days and treated for 28 days using edible oils [palm oil, African walnut oil, palm oil: African walnut oil (50:50) and palm oil : African walnut oil (60:40)] and orlistat (10 mg/Kg). Thereafter the animals were sacrificed, blood was collected for hematological studies and the preparation of the serum, while the organs harvested were used to prepare organ homogenates. Serum and organ homogenates were used for the evaluation of inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Results showed that the oils utilized were confirmed to be of high quality through their good stability indices (peroxide value: 2.52-3.87meq O2/Kg; p-anisidine value: 8.24-12.33, TOTOX value: 13.37-19.46,). Looking at the haematological study, animals that received the HFD presented the lowest (p<0.05) hematocrit and Platelet. PO:WO (50:50 and 60:40) significantly (p<0.05) decreased the granulocytes concentration in the blood of rats. PO:WO (50:50) significantly (p<0.05) increased the lymphocyte concentration while 100% PO increased the mid-size white blood cells level in the animals. Serum levels of inflammation markers were higher (p<0.05) in the negative control group (354.44-385.82 pg/mL) compared to the other groups (147.22-271.55 pg/mL). The analysis of oxidative stress parameters revealed that the administered oils and orlistat generally exhibited good protections compared to the normal and negative control groups, which might be due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids and bioactives such as β-carotene and vitamin E which have good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be concluded that these oils have a role in protecting against obesity through their effects on oxidative stress, hematology, and inflammatory cytokines.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of using Spirulina and Chlorella instead of fish meal on the growth, feed utilization, digestibility and digestive enzyme activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, 25% fish meal was added to the control diet, 25% Spirulina to the SP diet and 25% Chlorella to the CL diet as the main protein source. In the 3×3 planned experiment, fish with an average weight of 1.98±0.10 g were fed with isonitrogenous and isolipidic formulated diets until satiation for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, higher final body weight and specific growth rate were obtained in the groups fed with diets containing Spirulina and Chlorella (p<0.05) and feed conversion was not affected by the main protein source in the diet. Lipid content in muscle tissue of fish fed with control diet was lower than that of the group fed with Chlorella containing diet (p<0.05). Microalgae addition to the diets significantly (p<0.05) increased dry matter, protein and lipid digestibility, as well as protease and lipase activity. The results obtained showed that Spirulina or Chlorella in Cyprinus carpio diets increased growth, nutrient digestibility and activity of digestive enzymes, and therefore, based on these parameters examined, Spirulina and Chlorella could be used instead of the entire 25% fish meal in the diet.