Sahlep powder is obtained by drying and grinding after the plant tubers of the Orchidaceae family removed from the soil. Sahlep powder, which is unique to Turkey, is used in Maras ice cream, sahlep beverage and medicine production. There is a growing interest in healthy nutrition in the world. This increasing is increased the demand for functional food. Whey proteins are increasingly used in foods in recent years due to the functional compounds they contain. In this study, it was tried to increase the functional properties of sahlep using Whey proteins. For this purpose, different Sahlep powder was prepared by using Whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%), demineralized whey protein powder, milk powder, sahlep, sugar, starch, cinnamon and ginger. The different Sahlep produced were made into sahlep beverage with water and pH, viscosity and sensory analysis were made. As a result of the analyzes made, the use of Whey proteins statistically affected the viscosity value of the sahlep beverage. It was determined that the use of different whey proteins affected the color, taste and smell values of Sahlep. As a result of the sensory evaluation performed by the panelists, sahlep beverage produced in 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture was preferred. It is may be suggested to produce sahlep powder and sahlep beverage by using 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture.

The plants can only use the around 50% of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer. It has been observed that the dynamic fertigation applications help to improve the fertilizer effectiveness. In the dynamic fertigation approach, water and plant nutritional elements are calculated and determined according to the plant dry matter generation rate and root volume. Smart agriculture is an knowledge based decision making approach established upon quantification and observations of the changes in each level of production. With this system, saving can be provided by only supplying the plant’s daily need of water and fertilizer and preventing the excess irrigation and fertilizing, so yield increase can be achieved by keeping away the plants from the stress conditions. Agricultural production can be increased five times by irrigation but shortening in water sources and decrease in quality reasoned by fast growing are restricted of irrigation which is the main user of freshwater sources. Increasing the water and fertilizer effectiveness with the smart irrigation techniques which can save water and fertilization management applications are the essential strategies to be able to reach the yield increase in order to supply the growing food needs of developing population and help to minimize the environmental damage. In the study, the researches and applications related to smart irrigation and fertilization were tried to be included in a wide scope and tried to keep a light to obtain higher yield with less water and fertilizer use in agriculture.

The Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are microorganisms that live symbiotically with plant roots and have many benefits to soil and plants. In this study, some effects of AMF which are known to be soil and plant beneficial, have been evaluated and solution proposals have been put forward against heavy metal and salinity stress in the soil. Salt accumulation and high concentrations of heavy metal in the soil affects negatively the microbial diversity and activity. Removal of salt acumulation and heavy metal from contaminated soil by chemical and physical methods is both very expensive and ineffective. Therefore, AMF are important for alleviating the heavy metal and salt stress in plants. AMF can alter plant physiol¬ogy and root morphology, increase the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil through an extensive hyphal network, decrease the use of chemical fertilizer, interact with other soil microorganisms plant growth promoting, induce of some resistance parameters in the plants and produce the glomalin which develops the properties and structure of soil. AMF are eco-friendly solutions according to traditional methods and the use of suitable plant-fungi combinations increases the chances of success of these applications.

The physical and chemical characteristics oven dried millet flour from dehulled millet soaked in different media was studied. Depigmented oven dried dehulled millet flour was produced by soaking dehulled millet in different solutions; water, 1% NaCl, 1% Na2CO3, and 1% citric acid. All samples were soaked in their respective solution for 12h, dried in the oven at 60oC for 6h then milled into flour and sieved through 710µm mesh size. The physical properties of oven dried dehulled millet; colour had L* (whiteness value), a* (redness values), and b* (yellowness values) that differed significantly ranging from 66.74 to 84.21, 0.85 to 1.43, and 6.89 to 12.69 respectively. The minimum, mean and maximum particle size distributions of samples ranged from 9.53 to 23.41µm, 29.09 to 50.15µm and 59.46 to 176.01 µm respectively. Starch granules in micrographs of oven dried depigmented millet flours were irregular, compact and polygonally shaped. Gelatinization properties of oven dried millet flour; the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), end set temperature (Te) and enthalpy varied significantly ranging from 70.15 to 97.65 o C, 79.48 to 102.31 o C, 83.30 to 104.96 o C, and 6.70 to 28.41 (J/g) respectively. Chemical properties comprising of moisture, fats, ash, protein, crude fiber, pH, total titratable acidity, pH of soak solution, phytates and tannins varied significantly ranging from 10.19 to 10.88%, 4.27 to 4.61%, 0.71 to 1.19%, 7.25 to 8.67%, 1.00 to 1.08%, 4.35 to 8.45, 0.001 to 0.084%, 3.32 to 9.93, 0.60 to 0.62, 1.84 to 6.45mg/g and 3.06 to 6.68 mg/g respectively. Depigmenting dehulled millet by soaking in 1% Na2CO3 impaired the colour of sample ODMF2 while depigmenting dehulled millet grains by soaking in 1% citric acid solution for 12 h improved colour of sample ODMF1.

In this research, the effects of dam age and type of birth and sex of lambs on birth weight of Akkaraman lambs was investigated at village conditions in Konya province. Additionally, the heritability and repeatability of birth weight was estimated. The Least-squares means of birth weight was 4.07±0.04 kg. The effects of dam age, year, birth type and sex on birth weight were found statistically significant. The heritability and repeatability of birth weight were found as 0.052±0.04 and 0.130±0.04, respectively.

Policy makers need to know the relationship among energy use, economic growth and environmental quality in order to formulate rigorous policy for economic growth and environmental sustainability. This study analyzes the nexus among energy consumption, affluence, financial development, trade openness, urbanization, population and CO2 emissions in Ethiopia using data from 1970–2014. The ARDL cointegration results show that cointegration exists among the variables. Energy consumption, population, trade openness and economic growth have positive impact on CO2 in the long-run while economic growth squared reduces CO2 emissions which confirms that the EKC hypothesis holds in Ethiopia. In the short-run urbanization and energy consumption intensify environmental degradation. Toda-Yamamoto granger causality results indicate the bi-directional causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions and urbanization. Financial development, population and urbanization cause economic growth while economic growth causes CO2 emissions. Causality runs from energy consumption to financial development, urbanization and population which in turn cause economic growth. From the result, CO2 emissions extenuation policy in Ethiopia should focus on environmentally friendly growth, enhancing consumption of cleaner energy, incorporating the impact of population, urbanization, trade and financial development.

This study was carried out to investigate the possibilities of making silage from fruit juice industry waste.For this purpose, orange, lemon and tangerine pulp silage quality have been determined by comparing silage with maize and beet pulp silage.Treatment groups; 1) orange, 2) tangerine, 3) lemon, 4) maize and 5) sugar beet pulp. The silages were evaluated after 2 months from ensiling in the following areas: subjective evaluation, pH, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, ether extract and energy values (metabolizable energy) and net energy for lactation were calculated. As a result, it was determined that fruit juice industry residues were lower in terms of dry matter, but they contained higher energy due to their high organic matter content, digestibility and low cellulose content. In addition, it was determined that citrus pulp was evaluated as silage without any contribution.

Qualitative studies on chhana were carried out at Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam during the year 2011-12. Two milk sources (i.e. cow milk and buffalo milk) and three coagulants (i.e. acetic acid, citric acid and lactic acid) were used during the study period. Physical characteristics such as titratable acidity and pH values. Preliminary, the chhana was prepared from each of cow and buffalo milk coagulated with acetic acid, citric acid, and/or lactic acid each at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% concentration level. Among each coagulant, concentration level showed significant influence on the acceptability score of chhana. Product made with 0.5% concentration level perceived the better acceptability (score). A remarkable influence of milk source was observed in pH values of chhana prepared from cow milk and buffalo milk either with acetic acid (5.65±0.01 and 5.45±0.01, respectively) or with citric acid (5.52±0.02 and 5.45±0.01, respectively). In this study, buffalo milk chhana was found better in all aspects compared to that of cow milk.

Bu çalışmada, çiftleştirme kutularında ve banka kolonilerinde depolanan Kafkas ve Anadolu arısı Ege ekotipi ana arıların maiyet feromonları (9-ODA, 9 HDA, HOB, HVA, metil oeat, koniferil alkol, setil alkol ve linolenik asit) belirlenmiştir. Ana arılardan ilk grubu yumurtlamaya başladıktan 102 gün sonra ependorf tüplerine tek tek toplanmış ve -20°C’de analize kadar depolanmıştır (A grubu). Çiftleştirme kutusundan aynı gün toplanan ikinci grup ana arılar (10 Ege ve 10 Kafkas) banka kolonisinde 25 gün depolanmıştır (B grubu). Son grubu (C grubu) oluşturan ana arılar (10 Ege ve 10 Kafkas) ise, yumurtlamaya başladıktan 352 gün sonra çiftleştirme kutularından toplanmıştır. Bu sürelerin sonunda B ve C grubu ana arıları tek tek ependorf tüplerine alınarak -20°C’de analize kadar depolanmıştır. Depolanan ana arının baş, göğüs ve karın kısmında gaz kromotografi ile maiyet feromonları belirlenmiştir. Bulgulara göre, ana arı yetiştirme mevsimi, uygulama grupları (A, B ve C) ve genotipler bakımından 9 ODA ve 9 HDA değerleri arasındaki farklar önemsiz, vücut kısımları arasındaki farklılıklar ise önemli bulunmuştur. Ana arı yetiştirme mevsimi, uygulama grupları, genotip ve vücut kısımları bakımından HOB ve HVA değerleri arasındaki farklar da önemsiz olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırmada linolenik asit miktarı üzerinde uygulama grubunun, genotipin ve vücut kısımlarının etkilerinin önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Linolenik asitin ana arının karın kısmında, baş ve göğüs kısmına göre daha fazla salgılandığı ve farkların önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak 9 ODA ve 9 HDA miktarları en yüksek ana arının baş kısmından, HOB ve HVA ise vücudun üç bölümünde eşit miktarlarda, linolenik asit ise en fazla karın kısmından salgılanmıştır. Çiftleştirme kutularında 352 gün yumurtlamasına izin verilen ana arılar, 102 gün yumurtlamasına izin verilen ve bankalanan ana arılara göre daha çok 9 ODA, 9 HDA, HOB, HVA salgılamışlardır.

Bu çalışmada, biberiye ve kekik yağı ekstraktları kullanılarak elde edilen alabalık (Oncorhynchus mykiss) marinatlarının depolanması sırasında meydana gelen kimyasal değişimler araştırılmış ve kullanılan bitkisel yağ ekstraktlarının ürünün yağ asidi kompozisyonu üzerine etkisi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Fileto haline getirilmiş balıklar üç farklı formülasyon kullanılarak (M grubu: %4 asetik asit-%10 NaCl, B grubu: %4 asetik asit-%10 NaCl-%0,1 biberiye yağı ekstraktı, K grubu: %4 asetik asit-%10 NaCl- %0,1 kekik yağı ekstraktı) marine edilmiş, olgunlaşma aşamasından sonra vakum paketlenerek +4°C’ deki buzdolabı koşullarında depolanmışlardır. Numunelerin 0. gün, 1., 2., 3., 4. ve 5. ayın sonunda kimyasal analizleri (pH, TBA, Peroksit Sayısı, TVB-N, Serbest yağ asitleri, yağ asitleri kompozisyonu) yapılmıştır. Deneysel örnekler TVB-N açısından değerlendirildiğinde depolamanın 3. ayında K grubu örneklerinde 14,12 mg/100 g, B grubu örneklerinde 19,2 mg/100 g ve M grubu örneklerinde ise 28,9 mg/100 g olarak tespit edilmiştir. M grubu örnekleri TBA sayısı bakımından değerlendirildiğinde muhafazanın 3. ayında 5,84 mg MDA/ kg olup, diğer gruplar ile istatistiki fark önemli bulunmuştur. Kontrol grubu (M grubu) örneklerinin 4 ve 5. aylarda duyusal olarak bozulduğu için analizleri yapılamamıştır. Kontrol grubu ve K grubu örneklerinde marinasyon işlemi sonrasında, muhafaza periyodu boyunca EPA ve DHA değerlerinde düşüş şekillenmiş olup, istatistikî açıdan fark önemli bulunmuştur. Biberiye ilave edilen gruba ait örneklerin yağ asidi değerleri incelendiğinde, kaproik, miristik ve palmitik asit miktarları marinasyon işleminden sonra artmıştır ve fark istatistiki açıdan önemli bulunmuştur.