Truffles are a highly valued fungi group because of their gastronomic and economic importance. Even though the demands for truffles, particularly Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum, has been increased year by year, the natural production of these valued fungi has decreased. So, truffle cultivation is becoming an agricultural alternative in Europe, and the rural economy was supported by cultivating truffle. In Turkey, truffle cultivation was becoming popular in recent years. However, there is not enough literature for understanding the basics of truffle cultivation in Turkey. Hence, it is aimed to discuss the selection of suitable truffle land. Because land selection can be considered as the first step of truffle cultivation and unsuitable land can be limited truffle cultivation success. So, the ecological features of economically important truffles, T. aestivum, T. borchii, T. magnatum, and T. melanosporum, are given in this study based on current literature and field experience.

With their urban green spaces, cities enable people to live a comfortable social and physical life. However, recent population growth and fast urbanization have resulted in a decline of green areas in urban areas over time. Cities' livability rate is being reduced as a result of this situation. In addition to these quantitative values of urban green areas, their qualitative characteristics also have an important place in terms of the benefits they provide to cities and their users. The aim of the research is to determine the user satisfaction level of the urban green areas and the user opinions about the urban green areas of the city of Serik. In this context, a survey was conducted on a voluntary basis with 384 individuals using the urban green areas of the city of Serik. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire forms, the user satisfaction levels, opinions, and suggestions for the urban green areas of the city of Serik were determined. In this direction, suggestions have been developed to increase the qualitative value and user satisfaction of urban green areas in the city of Serik.

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effect of temperature and humidity values provided by the semi-open and closed barns in the winter season on milk yield and components and the somatic cell count (SCC) level in milk in Anatolian buffaloes, and for this purpose, to compare both barn types and to reveal their suitability for buffalo breeding. In the study, temperature and humidity values were determined between December 2020 and March 2021 in two types of barns with similar feeding conditions in Bafra district, Samsun, and milk samples taken from buffaloes raised in these barns were analyzed. Temperature Humidity Index (THI) values were determined as 61,09±0,211 and 51.08±0.173 for the closed and semi-open barn type, respectively. In the study, in which the type of barn and therefore the temperature and humidity values provided in the barn environment did not affect the amount of milk yield, the milk fat ratio was determined as 8.89±0.227% and 8.16±0.176% for closed and semi-open barns, respectively. While other milk components were not affected by the barn conditions, the logSCC of milk was lower (4.54±0.071) in the closed barns when compared to the semi-open barns (4.73±0.044). Although no statistical difference was determined in the other milk parameters discussed, it was noted that there is an increasing tendency in the closed barns. It was observed that the changes in temperature and humidity values in both barn environments during the period caused nonlinear changes in milk composition. While indoor conditions were more effective on solids-non-fat (SNF), protein and lactose in the closed barn, the highest effect was on the fat ratio and logSCC in the semi-open barns. As a result, it can be said that both types of barns can be used in buffalo breeding since there is no significant difference in milk yield and other components, although there is a slight difference in milk fat ratio and logSCC level in closed and semi-open barns of Anatolian buffaloes in the climatic conditions of the region where the study was conducted.

Climate change is expected to cause more severe environmental problems, including soil erosion. This study aims to examine the effects of climate change on the sediment yield and sediment retention capacity through soil erosion in the Yeşilırmak Basin with the InVEST sediment delivery ratio model. RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios of the GFDL-CM3 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model Version III) general circulation model were used to examine the effects of climate change on soil erosion. Decreases in the sediment yield and sediment retention rates of Yeşilırmak Basin were projected up to 9.48% and 12.47% in 2070, respectively. The main reason for the decrease in soil erosion rates is the decrease in rainfall erosivity resulting from the decrease in precipitation amounts, and the effect of this decrease is predicted to have a positive impact on wetland systems and agricultural lands. In addition, this research points to the advantages of the InVEST model approach in spatial and temporal estimation of the possible effects of future climate change on soil erosion.

Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki su ürünleri işleme tesislerinde çalışan kişilerin sosyo-ekonomik durumlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bölge’de faaliyet gösteren 7 su ürünleri işleme tesisinde çalışan toplam 102 sektör çalışanına sosyal ve ekonomik durumlarını belirlemeye yönelik anket uygulanmıştır. Anket formunda 24 soru yer almıştır ve katılımcılara yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim durumu, çalışma süreleri, konut mülkiyeti, aylık gelir, boş zamanlarını değerlendirme gibi sorular sorularak sosyo-ekonomik durumları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan personellerin cinsiyet dağılımları %23,5’inin kadın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tesislerdeki çalışanların ortalama çalışma süreleri 1-5 yıldır, %40,2’sinin aylık gelirleri 2001-2500 TL arasındadır. Ankete katılan personelin %90,2’si işçi, %2’si ustabaşı, %2’si teknisyen ve %3,8’i su ürünleri mühendisi olduğu tespit etmiştir.

Çalışmada farklı yumru ağırlıklarının (50-99, 100-149, 150-199, 200-250 g) ve toprağa uygulanan farklı dozlardaki (0, 100, 200, 300 g/da) borun, turpta bitki, bakla özellikleri ile tohum verimi, çimlenme ve çıkış üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bitkisel materyal olarak, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü tarafından seleksiyon ıslahıyla geliştirilen ‘Ç.Ü. Seleksiyon No:2’ turp genotipi kullanılmıştır. Deneme 2017-2018 ve 2018-2019 yıllarında açık tarla ve cam sera koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Turp yumruları açık tarlada yetiştirilmiştir. Tohum üretimi için hasat edilen yumrular ağırlıklarına göre sınıflandırılarak serada saksılara transfer edilmiştir. Çalışmada, bitki boyu (cm), bitki çapı (mm), yaprak sayısı (adet/bitki), bakla sayısı (adet/bitki), bakla boyu ve çapı (mm), bakladaki tohum sayısı (adet/bakla), 1000 dane ağırlığı (g), tohum verimi (g/bitki), tohum çimlenmesi (%) ve tohum çıkışı (%) parametreleri incelenmiştir. İki yıllık araştırma sonuçlarına göre bitkilerde ölçülen parametrelerde artan yumru ağırlığının pozitif etkileri görülürken, farklı dozlarda bor uygulaması sadece yaprak sayısı bakımından önemli bulunmuştur. Bakla ve tohum özellikleri açısından ise yumru ağırlığı ve uygulanan bor dozundaki artışın tohum veriminde artış dışında etkili olmadığı ortaya konmuştur. Tohum çimlenmesinin uygulamalardan etkilenmediği tespit edilirken, fide çıkışında 200 g/da bor uygulamasının en iyi sonucu verdiği saptanmıştır.

In the background of improving Water Productivity, there is concern in deficit irrigation, which delivers a means of decreasing water depletion while reducing opposing effects on yield. A field experiment was conducted at Haramaya, Ethiopia during 2020 off-season. The objective was determining effects of irrigation levels and mulch types on yield and Water Productivity of Onion. The experimental design was a split plot in RCBD with three replications. The deficit irrigation levels 100%, 85%, 70% and 55% ETc used with the three mulch types no mulch, straw and white plastic mulch were used. The results revealed that the maximum yield of 38.43 ton ha-1 was recorded from 100% ETc with plastic mulch; whereas the minimum yield of 16.36 ton ha-1 was recorded from 55% ETc with no mulch. Higher Crop Water Productivity of about 9.04 kg ha-1mm-1 was obtained from 85% ETc with plastic mulch. With 85% ETc and plastic mulch the water saved, yield reduction and Crop Water Productivity were 113.13 mm, 9.57% and 9.04 kg ha-1 mm-1 respectively. In view of water saved and maximum yield, irrigation water application at 85% irrigation application levels and plastic mulch could be concerned. The current study recommends that, in water limited area, farming community can accept deficit irrigation level with 85% ETc under plastic mulch.

In this study, we aimed to determine the therapeutic value of local Yığılca honeys by examining their physicochemical characteristics, phenolic content, radical scavenging activity, and antimicrobial properties by underlining some overlooked parameters. Honey samples ware divided into two main groups as CH and FH based on melissopalynologycal analysis. Antimicrobial activity of collected honey samples were investigated on important hospital-acquired infections bacteria strains; MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), MSSA (Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus), Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Although CH’s antimicrobial activities were found slightly higher than the FH’s, there isn’t statistically significant differences between two type honeys. However, the antioxidant activity of CH was found significantly higher than FH. Surprisingly, a higher amount of isomaltose was determined in addition to the total phenolic content in CH compared to FH. There has been found positive correlation between isomaltose amount and zone diameters for MRSA and A. baumannii. We would like to draw attention to isomaltose for its health benefit structure since these parameters may be influence honey’s therapeutic value. We recommend that isomaltose and invertase enzyme should be included in to the honey codex standards suitably depending on the monofloral and multifloral honey’s specific structure, to sensitively standardize and control their quality and therapeutic value. Our data revealed a positive correlation between antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and total phenolic content and higher isomaltose amount.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different openings onto the polyethylene (PE) packages used in storage of ‘Sultani Çekirdeksiz’ grape variety on quality, SO2 damage, pathological and physiological disorders of grapes. Grapes were harvested at full maturity and placed in PE bags with ‰0 (control), ‰0.5, ‰1 and ‰2 openings. After pre-cooling grapes in the case of SO2 pets were placed after the mouth of the bags were closed. Grapes were stored at 0°C and 90-95% relative humidity for 4 months, and quality changes were determined in monthly samples. SO2 concentrations detected at the end of storage in PE packages with ‰0, ‰0.5, ‰1 and ‰2 openings were 11.16, 5.80, 2.05 and 0,00 mg/kg respectively. It has been found that grapes in packages without opening had significant SO2 content and SO2 damage, especially the end of storage. However, grapes in packages with ‰2 openings had high weight loss and browning scores in stems. The results showed that ‘Sultani Çekirdeksiz’ grapes could be stored more successfully in PE packages with ‰0.5 openings. ‘Sultani Seedless’ grape variety, it may be suggested to use PE bags without openings for 2 and 3 months storage.

Catla (Catla catla) steaks treated with sodium benzoate (SB) 0.5-2 % packed under aerobic (AP) and vacuum packaging (VP) were evaluated for biochemical, microbiological and sensory quality changes during chilled storage conditions for 27 days. The results were plotted against time, determining best fit order with corresponding regression equation to predict and compare with experimental findings. The formation of volatile amines (TVB-N) was low in samples treated with SB under VP, while no significant difference was observed in pH values. Peroxide value and salt soluble nitrogen values were significantly influenced under VP and SB treatment. Total plate count values significantly increased in all samples, but were within the maximum permissible limits. E. coli, S. aureus and Salmonella were not detected in the samples during storage. Zero order kinetics exhibited best fit for changes in biochemical and microbiological quality. Sensory evaluation scores had high correlation with storage period and low relative error (P0) for control samples under AP and VP. Therefore, combination of SB at 2.0% and VP can be used effectively as an intervention for the preservation of chilled stored Catla steaks.