Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), based on the origin of Southeast Asia and Turkey, with a large growth area such as the Mediterranean and the Arab countries, is the most important plant belonging to family Lythraceae. Pomegranate peel and seed contain numerous and various bioflavonoid, which is indicated to be both antimicrobial and inhibitors of enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties of the pomegranate are related to phytochemicals such as delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, ellagic acid, punicalin, punicalagin, pedunculagin, and different glucosides, which involve anthocyanins. In this study, it was investigated that ethanol, methanol and distilled water extracts, obtained from Punica granatum L. antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria known as food pathogen by using disk diffusion method. Also, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values on seven different food borne pathogens were also determined. As a result of the research; pomegranate seed extracts obtained from methanol observed the highest antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a 29.02 mm zone diameter, while pomegranate peel extracts obtained from ethanol observed the highest antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus with a 26.84 mm zone diameter. The MIC and MBC value against Pseudomonas aeruginosa are determined 7.81 µg/L, while The MIC and MBC value against Bacillus cereus are determined 31.25 and 15.63 µg/L, respectively.

Cichorieae Lam. & DC., Asteraceae familyasının oymaklarından biridir. Bu oymak tamamen dilsi çiçeklerden oluşan homogam başcık çiçekli ve lateksli üyeleriyle ile karakterize olur. Bu oymak ekonomik öneme sahip Lactuca L. (Marul), Scorzonera L. (Tekesakalı) ve Tragopogon L. (Yemlik) cinslerini içine alır. Bu oymağın üyeleri aynı zamanda halk ilacı olarak da kullanılır. Bayburt Soğanlı, Otlukbeli, Mescit ve Giresun Dağları arasında yer almaktadır. Fitocoğrafik olarak İran-Turan floristik bölgesinin ağaçsız step bölgesine dahildir ve Anadolu Çatalı’nın kuzey ucunda yer almaktadır. Bu fitocoğrafik özelliklerinden dolayı Bayburt zengin bir bitki çeşitliliğine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bayburt’un bitki çeşitliliğine katkıda bulunulması amaçlanmıştır. Örnekler 2010-2017 dönemlerinde Cicerbita Wallr., Lactuca, Scorzonera, Tragopogon ve Prenanthes L. cinsleri üzerine olan farklı projeler kapsamında toplanmış ve Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü Herbaryumu (KTUB) ile Rize Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü Herbaryumu (RUB)’nda muhafaza edilmektedir. QGIS paket programı kullanılarak toplanan bitki örneklerinin koordinatları Bayburt haritası üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands adlı eserde Bayburt için 4 Lactuca ve 7 Scorzonera, kaydı rapor edilmiştir fakat Tragopogon kaydı yer almamaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada Bayburt ili için 24 (5 Lactuca, 14 Scorzonera ve 5 Tragopogon) takson rapor edilmiştir ve bunların 6’sı Türkiye endemiğidir. Sonuç olarak 13 takson Bayburt için ilk kez bu çalışmada rapor edilmiştir.

The aim of the study was to design the drinking milk profiles according to the factors and their levels effecting on the consumers’ purchase decisions towards drinking milk with the region of origin at the retailer level, and then to determine the market shares (MS) and the consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP). Research data were obtained from 160 households consuming drinking milk in Iğdır province. Conjoint Analysis were used to design drinking milk profiles with the region of origin, and to determine their market shares (MS) and consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP). The result of the study highlighted that the marketing shares of the first three drinking milk profiles maximizing the consumers’ total utilities were calculated as %34, %12 and %10 (card number 7, 6 and 1), respectively. On the other hand, the consumers’ willingness to pay under the origins and price levels of drinking milk were analyzed as %26 for Aegean/Marmara Region, %16 for Northeast Anatolia Region and %12 for Eastern Black Sea Region at the lowest price levels. By having designed drinking milk profiles maximizing the consumers’ total utilities, the marketing share and penetration rates of the products could increase, and the product profiles responded to the consumers’ willingness to pay could also satisfy considerably on their purchase decisions.

In this study, which was performed on an over-grazing pasture in Şanlıurfa under the influence of a dry climate, the effects of different breeding methods such as natural(control), fertilization, insemination, fertilization+insemination+insemination+insemination + release on natural pastures were investigated. In order to increase the yield potential of Natural Pastures in the research area, manure, seedling, fertilization+seedling, fertilization+seedling+version methods were applied on both protected and grazing fields. Using the transect method, key plant species in the region were determined. As a result of the research, according to two-year averages, the highest dry grass yield in grazing area was 47.98 kg/da fertilized seedlings and the lowest yield was 21.40 kg/da natural (control) seedlings. According to two-year averages, the highest dry grass yield in the protected area was obtained from 171.29 kg/da manure, and the lowest value was obtained from 82.77 kg/da natural (control) pasture. According to the results of breeding methods applied in the field of research; in addition to protecting pasture areas, a suitable fertilization is required. In addition, it was concluded that the desired result could be achieved by making a regular grazing according to the rules of grazing amanjman.

Bu çalışma tohumluk patates yumrularına uygulanan bazı uçucu yağların patateste sürgün gücü ve kök gelişimine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2016 yılında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada Agria çeşidine ait dormant durumdaki tohumluk yumrular farklı konsantrasyonlarda (150, 300, 450 ve 600 ppm) İzmir kekiği (Origanum onites L.), biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), dereotu (Anethum graveolens L.), kimyon (Cuminum cyminum L.), rezene (Foeniculum vulgare L.), adaçayı (Salvia officinalis L.) ve çörtük otu (Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana (Guss.)) uçucu yağları ile muamele edilerek kontrollü şartlardaki tohum yataklarına dikilmiştir. Araştırmada dormansi süresi, sürgün uzunluğu, sürgün sayısı, sürgün çapı, sürgün ağırlığı, kök uzunluğu ve kök ağırlığı parametreleri incelenmiştir. Uçucu yağların sürgün gelişimine etkileri değişken olmuş adaçayı, biberiye, dereotu ve çörtük yağları sürgün gelişimini teşvik ederken, İzmir kekiği ve kimyon yağı uygulamaları kök gelişimi üzerine diğer uygulamalardan daha etkili olmuştur. Genel olarak yüksek dozda yapılan uygulamalar sürgün gelişimi olumsuz yönde etkilerken, kök gelişimini teşvik etmiştir. Çalışmada, tohumluk yumrulara dikim öncesi uçucu yağ uygulamalarının sürgün ve kök gelişimini olumlu yönde etkilediği ve bu uygulamaların arazi şartlarında yapılması ile daha sağlıklı ve güçlü bitki tesisi kurulabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

In this study, it was aimed to determine there and fecundity by adapting crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) obtained from Bafra Fish Lakes (Ulugöl-Samsun) in culture conditions. Crayfish obtained in November 2016 were stocked in tanks and egg and morphometric characteristics of female crayfish with carrying eggs were determined. Correlation analysis were used for the relationship between the determined parameters. The mean total weight and total length of crayfish were 41.79±3.00g, 10.72±0.22cm, respectively whereas the mean number and diameter of eggs were 156.40±33.24 and 2.50±0.12mm. There were positive strong relationship between total length and total weight of crayfish negative relationship was found between egg diameter and total number of eggs, egg diameter and total weight of eggs and egg diameter and number of eggs for per unit of live weight.

This study was undertaken to assess the combining ability of 6 rice varieties, for viscosity parameters and determining gene action controlling Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) characters. F2 progenies derived from a 6×6 half diallel mating design with their parents were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in 2015. The diallel analysis by Griffing`s method indicated the involvement of additive and non-additive gene actions controlling RVA traits. For traits PV and FV RI18447-2 and IR50 were the best combiners for increasing and decreasing, respectively. Deylamani and IR50 were the best combiners for increasing and decreasing BV, respectively. Beside, due to more portion of non-additive gene action in controlling trait SV, The Gilaneh × RI18430-46, and Deylamani × RI18430-46 crosses were the best for increasing and decreasing SV, respectively. The high estimates of broad sense heritability and narrow sense heritability for BV and FV, indicated the importance of additive effects in expression of these traits. Therefore, selection base breeding methods will be useful to improve these traits and selection in the early generations could be done to fix the favourable genes. Low estimate of narrow sense heritability for SV revealed that non-additive gene effects play important role in controlling setback viscosity. So, hybrid base breeding methods will be useful to improve this trait.

Due to their widespread use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, medicinal and aromatic plants have gained importance with an increasing number of studies being conducted concerning the yield and quality characteristics of these plants. In breeding studies, selection is successful when there a correlation is established between the essential oil content, composition, and morphological and agronomic characteristics. The aim of this study was to address the correlation between the yield and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants to present a different perspective for breeding studies. Therefore, in this study, the relationship among the characteristics and the essential oil content of Izmir oregano (Origanum onites L.) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) plants were investigated, and correlation and path analyses were performed. There was a significant negative correlation between the essential oil content and fresh herb (-0.279*), dry herb (-0.281*), and dry stem yield (-0.283*) of Izmir oregano. However, no significant correlation was found between the essential oil content and these agronomic characteristics in lemon balm. Fresh herb yield had a significant positive correlation with dry herb (0.661**), dry leaf (0.690**), and dry stem yield (0.610**). Dry herb yield was significantly and positively correlated with dry leaf (0.510*) and dry stem (0.461*) yields. A significant positive correlation was also observed between dry leaf and dry stem (0.688**) yields. According to the results of the path analysis, while the maximum negative effect on the essential oil content of Izmir oregano was provided by dry herb (-48.05%) yield, the highest direct positive effect belonged to dry leaf (21.69%) and dry stem (15.13%) yields. Dry leaf yield (-51.61%) and plant height (-45.71%) were the parameters that had the highest direct negative effect on the essential oil content of lemon balm while fresh herb (33.50%) and dry herb (30.27%) yields were the source of the highest direct positive effect.

Araştırmada yumurta verimi için 60 aile işletmesinden 200 adet kaza ait toplam 2365 adet yumurta incelenmiştir. Yumurta verimi ve dış kalite özelliklerinin incelenmesinde kazlar tüy rengine göre; beyaz, siyah, kahverengi, alaca ve gri ve yaşa göre; 1, 2, 3, 4 ve >4 gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Kuluçka özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde ise kazlar yaş, tüy rengi ve yumurta ağırlığı (170,00) gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Yumurta verimi ve yumurtlama periyodu genel ortalamaları sırasıyla 12,66±0,07 adet/kaz ve 28,61±0,19 gün olarak, yumurta ağırlığı ve yumurta şekil indeksi ortalamaları ise sırayla 163,74±0,38 g ve %65,78 olarak belirlenmiştir. Yumurta verimi ve yumurtlama periyodu üzerine yaş ve tüy renginin etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Kaz yumurtalarının kuluçka özelliklerinden döllülük, kuluçka randımanı, çıkım oranı, embriyonal ölüm oranı ve kabuk altı ölüm oranı genel ortalamaları sırasıyla %76,10, %60,88, %80,00, %13,16 ve %6,84 olarak belirlenmiştir. Kuluçka özellikleri üzerine tüy renginin etkisi önemsiz, yaşın döllülük oranı üzerine etkisi önemli, incelenen diğer özellikler üzerine etkisi ise önemsiz bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak yerli Türk kazlarının yumurta verimi ve yumurtlama periyodunun birçok kaz ırklarından düşük, yumurta ağırlığının birçok kaz ırkları ile benzer olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yumurta ağırlığı arttıkça kuluçka randımanın arttığı belirlenmiştir. Yumurta verimi bakımından 3 yaşlı kazların diğer yaş kazlara göre yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Bread is a popular food in the world because of its variety and convenience. Currently, studies on the adding probiotics to bread are limited due to the adverse effects of processing, such as baking temperature, aerobic environment to the probiotic bacteria. The objective of this study was to produce probiotic cream bread, in which Lactobacillus acidophilus was microencapsulated with Alginate 2% (A); Alginate 2% + maltodextrin 1% (AM); Alginate 2% + xanthan gum 0.1% (AX); and Alginate 2% + maltodextrin 1% + xanthan gum 0.1% (AMX). Microcapsules were added to the kernel, conducting encapsulation yield investigations, survival in baking, preservation of bread, and in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid conditions after 8 days of storage. The results showed that the addition of xanthan gum enhanced the encapsulation yield, it reached 92.9% and 92.37% in AMX and AX samples, respectively. The viability of L. acidophilus during baking was decreased by 3.64 and 3.75 Log (CFU/bread) in AMX and AM samples, compared to A and AX which were decreased by 4.75 and 4.44 Log (CFU/ bread). In SGF (Simulated Gastric Fluid) and SIF (Simulated Intestinal Fluid) conditions, the AMX microcapsules provide the best probiotic protection among the four tested carriers. The combination of xanthan gum and maltodextrin in alginate matrix, eventually leading to having dual efficiency: First, xanthan gum would act as buffers that reduce acid activity; Second, maltodextrin acting as a protective agent of L. acidophilus against high temperature as well as potential prebiotic that improve the viability of probiotic.