Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the second most important cool-season food legume in Ethiopia after faba bean, both in terms of production area and annual yield. The study comprises 13 advanced field pea genotypes that were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications across four different environments during two consecutive main cropping seasons (2020–2021). The primary objectives were to identify a field pea genotype with a reliable, high grain yield that could be subsequently released as a new cultivar for farmers in specific areas of Ethiopia.  A combined analysis of field pea grain yield revealed a significant difference (P < 0.01) between genotypes and environments, suggesting that the genetic composition of the genotypes varied and the environments were distinct. The average grain yield ranged from 1614 kg/ha to 2412 kg/ha, with a mean of 2032.69 kg/ha. Genotype G13 had the highest average grain yield (2412 kg/ha) compared to the standard check varieties Bilalo (2190 kg/ha) and Bursa (2100 kg/ha), indicating its potential for developing adaptable varieties suited to specific environments. This outcome may aid breeders in choosing the most appropriate cultivars for particular environments, resulting in higher field pea yields and productivity. Nonetheless, the research also indicates that to create broadly adaptable and climate-resilient varieties, it is crucial to carry out trials in various locations and across multiple years.

This study was carried out at the research field of Rainas Municipality, lamjung, Nepal from February to June 2022. It was conducted to evaluate the effect of different doses of ethephon on vegetative character, sex expression and yield of cucumber. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replications and 5 treatments (four different doses of ethephon @ 100 ppm, @ 300 ppm, @ 400 ppm and @ 500 ppm as well as water spraying as control). Spraying was done twice, the 1st at two true leaf stage and the 2nd at four true leaf stage. The observed data were analyzed using Gen stat and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to find out the significant differences between the mean values at 5% level of significance. Among various concentration of ethephon, the most potent doses of ethephon to increase female flower were 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm. The treatment with 300 ppm ethephon result early emergence of female flower, higher number of female flower and lower sex ratio followed by 400 ppm. Yield of cucumber was found higher with 300 ppm ethephon comparison to other treatment. The benefit-cost ratio (B:C ratio) was found highest at 300 ppm ethephon treatment and lowest in the control group. Considering various impacts of different doses of ethephon, treatment with 300 ppm ethephon is recommended.

Chemical control is the most common method used to control Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). This study compared the application of the five most widely used insecticides in the management of A. pistaciae which has resulted in significant yield losses, in Siirt (Kurtalan) and Şanlıurfa (Birecik) in 2023. Active ingredients spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat were examined in the study. The study was designed with four replications, and its characters were formed by the insecticides registered concentration and the control. The plots measured 3 x 3 = 9 trees. Nymph and adult counts were conducted from the middle trees before, as well as 7, 14, and 21 days after application following the application of the spray. The Henderson-Tilton formula was used to analyze the counting data for nymph or adult counts in each plot of leaf samples. All registered active ingredients effected the A. pistaciae above %80 all count days. Among the active ingredients the biological efficacy of spirotetramat was the highest compared to other insecticides. These active ingredients can be used to control A. pistaciae, with consideration given to the pest's potential resistance to insecticides and the impact of the ingredients on natural enemies.

The present study investigated the effects of two different zeolite applications and different nitrogen-based fertilizers on chickpea’s yield and yield components in dry and irrigated conditions. The field experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 in the experimental area of the Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Türkiye. The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replicates. The main plots were grown under dry-irrigated conditions. At the same time, subplots received zeolite applications (zeolite+- zeolite-), and sub-sub plots received nitrogen applications [control, traditional, chemical, farmyard manure, and Isabion, (an animal collagen-derived biostimulant)]. The experiment found that irrigation caused a delay in phenological characters but had a favorable impact on morphological characters and yield. The effect of zeolite applications was different in the first and second years of the experiments for the investigated characters. In the first year, the application of zeolite had a significant impact on grain yield, but there was no discernible effect in the second year. The experiment demonstrated that both chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure positively impacted phenological and morphological characteristics. In both years, the farmyard manure plots produced the highest grain yield. Farmers in Türkiye are advised to apply nitrogen to their crops as the profitability of chickpeas has risen in recent years. If the high cost of farmyard manure renders its use impracticable, farmers can opt for chemical fertilizer as an alternative.

Farklı dozlarda uygulanan azotun dört arpa çeşidinde tane verimi ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tokat’ta 2018-19 ve 2019-20 yetiştirme dönemlerinde Tesadüf Bloklarında Faktöriyel Deneme planına göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yapılan bu araştırmada, dört farklı azot dozu (0, 3, 6, 9 ve 12 kg/da) ile Bolayır, Hasat, Hazar ve Ünver arpa çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada m2’deki başak sayısı, tane verimi, 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı, ham protein oranı ve tane irilik oranları incelenmiştir. Ortalamaların karşılaştırılmasında LSD testi kullanılmıştır.İklim faktörleri çeşitlerin incelenen özelliklerini önemli derecede etkilemiştir. Araştırmada, ham protein oranı (İlk yıl önemsiz) metrekaredeki başak sayısı, tane verimi, 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı ve tane irilik oranı açısından çeşitler arasında farklar önemli bulunmuştur. Uygulanan azot genelde belli bir doza kadar tane verimini artırmış, fakat malt kalite özelliklerini düşürmüştür. Verim ve maltlık özelliği bakımından Bolayır, yemlik özelliği bakımından Ünver çeşidinin bölge için diğer çeşitlere göre daha iyi durumda oldukları belirlenmiştir. Malt özelliği bakımından 3 kg N/da dozunun yeterli olduğu, bununla beraber, en yüksek tane verimine sahip Bolayır ve Ünver çeşitlerinin yemlik olarak yetiştirilmesi durumunda 6 kg N/da dozunun uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.  Tane verimi ve maltlık özelliği bakımından Bolayır, yine verim ve yemlik özellik bakımından Ünver çeşidinin bölge için diğer çeşitlere göre daha uygun oldukları belirlenmiştir.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Mn application on the resistance of pepper plants exposed to flood stress. The study was conducted in a climate-controlled room at Siirt University, utilizing the Mazamort three-lobed pepper variety as plant material. In the climate chamber (19 m²), conditions were established at 24±1°C during the day and 18±1°C at night, with a light/dark photoperiod of 16/8 hours. The growing medium consisted of a 2:1 (v) mixture of peat and perlite. Four treatment groups were established: control, flood stress, 2.5 mg/L manganese (Mn), and flood stress combined with 2.5 mg/L Mn. Sixty-day-old Mazamort pepper plants were subjected to continuous flooding and manganese application at each watering. The duration of flood stress was set at 0 days (control) and 10 days. The experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design with three replications, each containing 10 plants. Parameters evaluated at the end of the study included visual assessment, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf moisture content, root fresh and dry weight, root moisture content, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), ion leakage, relative water content (RWC), and turgor loss. The highest plant height was observed in the 2.5 mg/L manganese treatment (45.82 cm), while the greatest stem diameter was recorded in the control group. The highest leaf number (30.60) and SPAD value (35.34) were also noted in the control group. RWC was highest at 96.90% in the 2.5 mg/L manganese treatment. The maximum turgor loss was 5.606% in the control group, and the highest ion leakage (17.880%) was observed in the 2.5 mg/L manganese treatment. It was concluded that manganese application mitigated the negative effects of flood stress on various parameters; however, it did not fully restore the values to control group levels.

Bu çalışmada beç tavuklarına kapalı yetiştirme şartlarında uygulanan çevresel zenginleştirmenin besi performansı, kesim ve et kalite özellikleri ile bazı davranış özelliklerine etkilerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi BOZOKTUAM Yerköy Hayvancılık işletmesinde yürütülmüş olup, hayvan materyalini 200 adet günlük yaşta beç tavuğu oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada, çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan ve uygulanmayan iki farklı muamele grubu oluşturulmuştur. Beç tavukları her iki muamele grubunda da 5 tekerrürlü olarak altlıklı yer sisteminde yetiştirilmiştir. Çevresel zenginleştirme grubunda tüneme tahtaları, taş materyalleri ve yeşillik yemliği objeleri yer almıştır. Beç tavukları kuluçkadan çıkıştan sonra muamele gruplarına rastgele dağıtılmış ve 13 haftalık kesim yaşına kadar aynı kümes ortamında büyütülmüştür. Çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan grupta daha düşük kesim ağırlığı gerçekleşmiş ve yemden yararlanma oranı 10 ve 12 haftalık yaşta kontrol grubunda daha iyi bulunmuştur. Kesim ağırlığı ve sıcak karkas ağırlığı çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan grupta daha düşük bulunmuştur. Çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan beç tavuklarında daha yüksek eşinme, koşma, yem yeme ve su içme, kabarma ve kanat çırpma ile tüy temizleme davranışı gözlenmiştir. Tüy gagalama davranışı ve yatma davranışı ise çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanmayan (kontrol grubu) beç tavuklarında daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma kapalı ortamda yetiştirilen beç tavuklarında çevresel zenginleştirme uygulamalarının genel performans, karkas ve et kalite özelliklerinde önemli bir değişime neden olmadan doğal davranışların sergilenme düzeyini artırarak daha yüksek bir refaha katkı sağlayabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

A Palm Nut cracking machine with an improved beater configuration was developed to effectively crack Palm Nuts of various species and sizes. This research aim at improving the quality of the Palm kernel recovered at relatively low cost during Palm kernel oil production. Durable materials were acquired locally to fabricate the machine for ease of usage and maintenance, also to make it affordable for small and large scale processors. Basic features of the machine are; hopper, electric motor (prime mower), cracking chamber, cracking beater and discharge outlet. The design of the cracking drum and beater configuration was based on the impact force required to crack the Palm Nut which is a function of Palm Nut shear strength. A 5 hp electric motor was selected based on the power required to effectively operate the machine. The machine was tested with “Tenera” varieties, three nut sizes (14.5, 22.15 and 29.43mm) and five speeds (970, 1200, 1450, 1750 and 2430rpm). Result shows that the change in machine speed significantly (P<0.05) affects all the machine performance irrespective of the Palm Nut size and variety, which agrees with the report of several other researchers. The obtained optimum machine performance values are 14,874 nuts/h, 89.5%, 98% for the machine capacity, quality performance efficiency and cracking efficiency for Tenera variety. The best crop and machine parameter for the optimum performance of the Palm Nutcracker are 29.43 mm and 970 rpm, nut size and machine speed.  It was concluded that the overall performance of this developed Palm Nut cracking beater was effective because it fell within the range of 80 to 98% efficiency.

Dünya genelinde insanlarda sağlıklı tüketim farkındalığının oluşmasıyla zengin besin içeriklerine sahip bitkisel sütlere yönelim artmaktadır. Tüketicilerden laktoz intoleransı, kalori endişesi ve hiperkolesterolemi olanlarında rahatça tüketimine imkan sağlaması ile tüketici taleplerinden enerjiyi artırıcı, yaşlanmayla mücadele, yorgunluk ve stres azaltıcı etkilerine yanıt olabilme potansiyelinden dolayı bitkisel süt üretiminin ve tüketiminin artması beklenmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında bitkisel sütlerin üretim aşamaları ele alınarak, bu üretim basamaklarının son ürün üzerine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Bitkisel sütlerde besin içeriklerinin zengin olmasından kaynaklı olarak bozulmayan sebep olan mikroorganizmaların büyümesinin önlenebilmesi için ısıl işlem gereklilikleri incelenmiştir. Bitkisel sütlerde bozulmaya sebep olan mikroorganizmaların inhibisyonu için uygulanan yenilikçi ısıl ve ısıl olmayan teknolojiler ele alınmıştır. Gelişen yenilikçi teknolojiler ile bitkisel sütlerin mikrobiyal güvenliğini sağlanmasının yanısıra kalite özelliklerinin de korunması önem kazanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak Dünya’da ve ülkemizde popüler olmaya başlayan bitkisel sütlerin; yeni teknolojiler ile birlikte gıda endüstrisinde yaygınlaşma potansiyeli yüksektir.

In recent times, several publications on processing of brown coconut sugar have been carried out, which present an excellent option for health-conscious consumers in the global market. The goal was to discuss and present recent developments in the industry, highlight the numerous health benefits and forecast into the future prospects of the industry. From the discussion, coconut sugar contains all the essential amino acids, various vitamins, minerals, phenolic and antioxidant compounds. These antioxidants are very important in the prevention of heart disease, cancer and inflammatory diseases, whilst the polyphenols inhibited the formation of cancer cells by reducing DNA hypermethylation. Vitamins also play an important role in metabolic reactions by acting as transcription effectors and electron donors. Coconut sugar is also known to prevent kidney stone formation and renal diseases by flushing out formed stones and plays an important role in the revitalization and proper functioning of the kidney due to its high potassium content. With a global trade volume of USD 1.33 billion and a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8%, the industry has great prospects. However, restraints such as high labor intensity, environment-friendly demand, and lack of mechanization require immediate attention to salvage the industry.