Agroforestry is a system that combines household and community level food production ecosystem services along with income security. It has potential of carbon sequestration and puts a positive impact on balancing greenhouse gases. The research was carried out to assess the variability of carbon stock under the agro-forestry systems in Churiya range at Rakshirang Rural Municipality of Makwanpur district of Nepal. Thirty households were sampled for this study; ten households from each of three different systems namely, Agrisilviculture, Silvopasture and Homegarden for data collection. Simple random sampling was used for the sample plot selection from the selected agroforestry systems for biomass and soil carbon estimation. Each system consisted of ten sample plots. Diameter and height of all trees with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm were measured. The diameters of the trees were measured at standard height, i.e., diameter at breast height. Above ground biomass, below ground biomass and soil organic carbon were summed to determine the total carbon stock in the agroforestry systems. Collected data were analyzed through tabular analysis, and volume and biomass estimation of the trees. Total carbon stock was found higher in Silvopasture system (32.41t/ha), 28.58 t/ha in Agrisilviculture system and 30.71 t/ha in Homegarden system. Results have shown the potentiality of agroforestry systems for carbon sequestration. Such systems need to be promoted for their efforts by encouraging them with some subsidized input support, financial support or some capacity building trainings by the government.

Urban and peri-urban agriculture is vital for enhancing food security in rapidly growing cities by bridging the food production gap between urban and rural areas. This study employed a snowball sampling technique to gather data from urban farmers in Mogadishu to assess the constraints and opportunities for growing horticultural crops in the city. Utilizing this sampling method, the research identifies key challenges and motivating factors for urban horticulture. Findings indicate that temperature, wind, pest and disease outbreaks, and limited irrigation water significantly restrict production. Farmers using greenhouses experience fewer obstacles due to enhanced protection from environmental factors, improving crop quality. In contrast, those farming in open fields struggle with high irrigation demands, pest infestations, and low-quality yields unattractive to buyers. Leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) and whiteflies are the most prevalent insect populations, sometimes requiring the removal of infested plants to control their spread. The study also observed that urban farmers use two conventional protected farming types, plastic greenhouses and net houses with steel frames, in which plastic greenhouses face issues such as inadequate gutter height and poor ventilation. To combat extreme temperatures, farmers employ primitive methods such as fogging, applying lime solutions, and adjusting greenhouse openings. Additionally, factors like increased market availability, the rise of supermarkets and hotels, rural displacement, diaspora return, and drought-induced vegetable scarcity in rural areas have motivated urban residents in Mogadishu to pursue farming within and around the city.

This study aims to comprehensively evaluate land consolidation studies carried out in Türkiye between 1961 and 2004. Data from 509 land consolidation and on-farm development services projects carried out in 33 provinces of Türkiye were examined using statistical analysis methods. It was determined that land consolidation projects significantly contributed to more efficient use of agricultural lands, reducing the number of parcels and reaching more suitable sizes of agricultural enterprises. The results show that the average consolidation rate of the examined projects was 35.76% and an average increase of 81.45% occurred in parcel sizes. In the regional evaluations, it was determined that the Black Sea Region had the highest consolidation rate. In contrast, relatively lower success rates were obtained in the Eastern Anatolia and Southeastern Anatolia regions. These differences are related to land structure, property relations and agricultural enterprise sizes. It has been observed that technological developments, especially computer-aided mapping techniques and tools such as Geographic Information Systems, have increased the success of consolidation projects. As a result, it has been determined that land consolidation studies play a critical role in the sustainability of agricultural production. Still, more strategic planning should be made by considering regional characteristics. This study is essential for evaluating the historical development and impacts of land consolidation studies in Türkiye. It is also considered a guide for institutions carrying out consolidation studies.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of using Spirulina and Chlorella instead of fish meal on the growth, feed utilization, digestibility and digestive enzyme activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, 25% fish meal was added to the control diet, 25% Spirulina to the SP diet and 25% Chlorella to the CL diet as the main protein source. In the 3×3 planned experiment, fish with an average weight of 1.98±0.10 g were fed with isonitrogenous and isolipidic formulated diets until satiation for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, higher final body weight and specific growth rate were obtained in the groups fed with diets containing Spirulina and Chlorella (p<0.05) and feed conversion was not affected by the main protein source in the diet. Lipid content in muscle tissue of fish fed with control diet was lower than that of the group fed with Chlorella containing diet (p<0.05). Microalgae addition to the diets significantly (p<0.05) increased dry matter, protein and lipid digestibility, as well as protease and lipase activity. The results obtained showed that Spirulina or Chlorella in Cyprinus carpio diets increased growth, nutrient digestibility and activity of digestive enzymes, and therefore, based on these parameters examined, Spirulina and Chlorella could be used instead of the entire 25% fish meal in the diet.

Tip 2 diyabet (T2DM), vücudun insülin hormonunu etkili bir şekilde kullanamamasıyla karakterize edilen ve yüksek kan şekeri seviyelerine yol açan kronik bir metabolik hastalıktır. Süt, T2DM yönetiminde olumlu etkileri olduğu belirtilen önemli besin bileşenleri bakımından zengin bir kaynaktır. Sütte kaynaklı biyoaktif bileşenler, süt proteinlerinden, yağlarından ve diğer bileşenlerinden türeyen, vücutta çeşitli biyolojik aktiviteler gösteren ve sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkiler sağlayan moleküllerdir. Bu bileşenler (proteinler, peptitler, yağ asitleri), süt ürünlerinin tüketimi sırasında ya da süt proteinlerinin sindirilmesi ve hidroliz edilmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Son dönemde yapılan müdahale çalışmaları, süt kaynaklı biyoaktif proteinlerin, peptitlerin ve yağ asitlerinin T2DM'nin önlenmesi ve yönetiminde yararlı etkiler sağladığını göstermektedir. Süt biyoaktif bileşenleri arasında kazein, kazein türevi peptitler, peynir altı suyu proteinleri ve peynir altı suyu proteini türevi peptitler yer almaktadır. Bu biyoaktif bileşenler, çeşitli mekanizmalar aracılığıyla anti-diyabetik etkiler göstermektedir. Bu mekanizmalar arasında insülin duyarlılığının artırılması, glukoz metabolizmasının düzenlenmesi ve inflamasyonun azaltılması yer almaktadır. İnsanlarda gerçekleştirilen müdahale çalışmaları sonucunda, süt kaynaklı bu biyoaktif bileşenlerin açlık kan şekeri seviyelerini düşürdüğünü ve insülin duyarlılığını artırdığı ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu çalışma, sütten elde edilen biyoaktif bileşiklerin (proteinler, peptitler ve yağ asitleri) anti-diyabetik etkilerini ve bu bileşiklerin T2DM yönetimindeki etki mekanizmalarını inceleyen güncel çalışmaları kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Böylece, süt biyoaktif bileşenlerinin T2DM üzerindeki potansiyel faydaları ve klinik uygulamaları hakkında bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır.

This study was conducted on the Sinceri grape cultivar grown for both table and raisin (drying) purposes, in the 2021 growing season in Siirt/Türkiye. The primary objective was to create a microclimate within the vine canopy by installing net covers with different shading rates (35%, 55%, and 75%) during the veraison period, thereby delaying the harvest and obtaining high-quality, high-yield grapes. Regarding phenological development, the period between full bloom and harvest was the shortest under the 55% shading treatment, which also recorded the lowest mean temperature (28.54 °C) and the lowest Effective Heat Summation (EHS) value (1965.70 dd). The highest mean temperature (26.28 °C) was observed under the 75% shading treatment, while the highest EHS value (2401.05 dd) was recorded under the 35% shading treatment. In terms of yield compared to the control, the 35% shading treatment provided a 21.75% increase, the 55% treatment yielded a 57.44% increase, and the 75% treatment led to a 37.45% increase. Furthermore, it was determined that all shading treatments increased the macro- and micronutrient contents in grapevine leaves. Economic analyses for the Sinceri grape cultivar revealed that the shading treatments had a statistically significant effect on yield. In conclusion, the net cover with a 55% shading rate proved to be the most effective treatment.

Alpinia officinarum, which attracts attention with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is used in traditional medicine, especially to relieve stomach and digestive system disorders. Although many studies have revealed the various pharmacological effects of Alpinia officinarum, the effect of different ionic solvents on its biological activities has yet to be investigated. In this study, the effects of homogenization of Alpinia officinarum roots with potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), and phosphate (PBS) buffer solutions on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the plant were investigated. Alpinia officinarum plant was collected from the Adana region during the season, and fresh root parts were separated and analyzed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of plant homogenates prepared with KCl, NaCl, and PBS were determined by spectrophotometric analysis. The highest MPO and CAT enzyme activities were observed in the KCl solution, while lower levels were observed in NaCl and PBS solutions, respectively. The highest MDA level was observed in the PBS solution. Moreover, SOD enzyme activity showed a decreasing trend in NaCl, KCl, and PBS solutions, respectively. These findings suggest that the biological activity of plant extracts may vary depending on the solvent used. Determination of the conditions under which the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Alpinia officinarum in different ionic solvents are the highest supports increasing the bioavailability of the plant.

This study aimed to determine the effects of the addition of different doses of Lactobacillus brevis to oat silage on the physical and chemical properties, aerobic stability, in vitro organic matter digestibility, and energy value of the silage.  In the study, the treatment groups were oat control (OC), 1x106 (Lb6), 1x108 (Lb8) and 1x109 cfu/kg dry matter (Lb9) L. brevis inoculated oats. Inoculation of L. brevis into oat silage increased the number of lactic acid bacteria and decreased the pH of the silage at the time of opening. This inoculation decreased the organic matter, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents of the silages at opening compared to those of OC, while increasing the dry matter and crude protein contents. The L. brevis inoculation into oat silage decreased the pH values and yeast counts on the fifth day after opening the silages compared to OC, without affecting the amount of CO2 production and mold count. The inoculation did not affect the in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy value of silage; but increased the net energy lactation value compared to OC. When the L. brevis doses are evaluated independently, it can be said that 1*108 and 1*109 cfu/kg DM doses contributed more effectively to oat silage, so any of these doses can be preferred.

In this research, the interpretations of dental disease in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) suffering from miscellaneous disorders with the use of radiographic anatomical reference lines; additionally, clinical examinations of these cases were presented. The measurements were made on the images of rabbit cranium skull radiographs (n=25). In the examination of incisors, malocclusion (n=19), abnormal prolongation (n=11), penetration of the palatal bone cortex (n=10), and fractures (n=6) were detected. Retrograde elongation in maxillar cheek teeth (n=20), alveolar penetration in mandibular cortex (n=20), root resorption (n=9), and cheek teeth malocclusions (n=20) were detected in the examination of cheek teeth. The most common complaints assigned to the presented patients were diarrhea, mandibular swelling, abnormal elongation of teeth, epiphora, tooth breakage, and loss of appetite. All rabbits suffering from dental disease were also assessed for eye disorders, and tooth-related eye problems were determined in 9 cases. In two cases was more than one problem. Distribution of disease was determined as follows; epiphora (n=6), dacryocystitis (n=2), conjunctivitis (n=2) and exophthalmos (n=1). In addition to a detailed physical examination, radiographic evaluation is important for diagnosis of dental diseases in rabbits. The long mouth cavity with limited opening and similar characteristics of rabbit mouth make it difficult to examine and intervene; in this case, radiographic reference lines offer an important advantage.

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, previously isolated only from clinical samples, is now also isolated from foods. This poses a major threat to public health and food safety. Food contamination is currently prevented with various chemical substances. However, due to their harmful effects, the usability of food-grade natural antimicrobials is being investigated. In this study, the antibacterial effects of Carvacrol, Alpha-Terpineol and Eugenol on Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates isolated from chicken meat were examinated. Broth dilution and Well-Diffusion methods were used. As a result of broth dilution test of carvacrol, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were determined as 0.78µL/mL. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration value was determined as 3.125-6.25 µL/mL; Minimum Bactericidal Concentration value was 3.125-12.5 µL/mL for Alpha-Terpineol. For Eugenol, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration value was 3.125-6.25 µL/mL, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration value was 6.25-12.5 µL/mL. When the Well-Diffusion test inhibition zones were examined, it was measured as 35-38 mm for Carvacrol, 18-23 mm for Alpha-Terpineol, and 22-30 mm for Eugenol. It was found that Carvacrol was the most effective, followed by Eugenol. In conclusion, the use of Carvacrol, Alpha-Terpineol and Eugenol products can be recommended in various applications to prevent the spread of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates in the food chain.