Sardina pilchardus is a multiple spawning fish, i.e., the species that spawns periodically during the spawning period. In order to examine the reproduction biology of the species, the specimens were obtained in the known spawning period indicated by the current literature obtained from fishers who were commercially fishing in December 2018 and January-February 2019. After the fork length and total length together with their weight measurements, the specimens were dissected in the laboratory. The adult females’ gonads were then fixed in 4% formalin solution for fecundity. A total of 170 individuals was examined and the values of their fork length, total length and weight were computed as 9.7-13.4 cm (mean: 11.16±0.81), 10.5-15 cm (mean: 12.3±0.89), 8.06-23.7 g (mean: 12.7±2.93), respectively. 44 of the supplied specimens were male (25.9%), 122 female (71.8%) and 4 (2.3%) uncertain, thus, the female: male ratio was determined as 2.77:1. According to χ2 test results, a statistically significant difference was observed among individuals. For the specimens examined, the fork length-weight relationship was calculated as W = 0.0098FL2.96, while total length-weight relationship was W = 0.0071TL2.97. In order to calculate the fecundity, sub-samples were taken from the anterior, median and posterior parts of 15 ovaries in the ration of 2 - 5% of the ovary weight and the mature oocytes were counted. As a result, the species’ fecundity was found to be between 4,600-9,800 (6,110±1,755). The relationship between total length and fecundity was computed as W= 1,640.7 TL-13,907 and a linear relationship was determined.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) on main nutritional components, some minerals, condensed tannin and phenolic compounds of olive leaves. Two groups were formed as a fermented (FOL, Aspergillus niger ATCC 52172) and non-fermented olive leaves (OL). Suitable environmental conditions (humidity, temperature and pH) before SSF were established and fermentation lasted on day 8. After fermentation, while the crude fiber, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) content of FOL compared to OL were decreased, its the crude protein, ether extract, ash and condensed tannin contents were increased. Some macro minerals (Ca, N, K, P, Mg) and micro minerals components (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of FOL and OL were varied. Although oleuropein content of FOL was decreased, it’s catechin and hydroxytyrosol contents were increased by SSF. These results showed that A. niger ATCC 52172 strain could be suitable inoculant to improve the nutritional content of olive leaves.

The unnatural change in the globe under influence of devastating global warming has been quashing the overall functioning of ecosystem since industrial revolution. Thus, the human-induced disaster caused by proportional increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has affected the normal functioning of hydrologic cycle. Under the undesirable condition, the amount of hydrologic variables began to diverge over time. Hydrologic variable should be homogeneous for the reliability of hydraulic structure while predicting necessary design criteria for its construction. Therefore, the test of whether this requirement is true should be performed in the context of any given hydrologic data’s homogeneity before being passed to the implementation of statistical approaches to the data. The study carried out in Yesilirmak basin was realized on homogeneity of seasonal maximum streamflow data from eight gauging stations operated by The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). Yesilirmak River basin area is approximately 5% of surface area of Turkey. Yesilirmak River is one of the major rivers of Turkey and its long is 519 kilometers. There are three main tributaries of the Yesilirmak River, named as Kelkit, Cekerek and Tersakan. Its water is mostly used for purposes as irrigation, drinking, fisheries and wildlife. The parametric and non-parametric procedures, called as standard normal homogeneity, Pettitt, Buishand range and von Neuman ratio were used for this reason. Statistically significant inhomogeneity with respect to the all of the statistic tests taken into account in the study was detected in the considered streamflow data sequences presented.

Bitkilerden elde edilen ekstrelerin birçoğunun biyolojik etkileri ve etki mekanizmaları hakkındaki bilimsel veriler hala yetersiz olmakla birlikte bu konuya olan ilgi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Rumex crispus (Evelik) bitkisi mevsiminde Sivas yöresinden toplanarak kurutulmuş ve sonrasında yapraklı kısımlarından etanol, metanol ve su ekstraksiyonları elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, elde edilen her bir ekstrenin bazı mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin değerlendirilmesi, toplam antioksidan seviyesi (TAS), toplam oksidan seviyesi (TOS), oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) değerlerinin ve çeşitli hücre hatları üzerindeki anti-kanserojen niteliklerinin ortaya konulmasıdır. TAS, TOS ve OSI değerlerini tespit etmek için Rel Assay Diagnostics kitler kullanılmıştır. Bitki ekstrelerinin mikroorganizmalara karşı minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonunu (MIC) belirlemek amacıyla mikrodilüsyon broth yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada antimikrobiyal aktivite analizleri, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 13883), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) ve Candida tropicalis (DSM 11953) mikroorganizmaları kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Normal fare fibroblast hücre hattı ve 3 farklı insan kanser hücre hattında MTT yöntemi ile bitki özütlerinin sitotoksik aktivitesi belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, evelik bitkisinin etanol, metanol ve su ekstraklarının denendiği mikroorganizmalar üzerinde antimikrobiyal aktivitesinin bulunmadığı, yüksek düzeyde antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu ve bazı hücre kültürlerinde sitotoksik aktivitesinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

In this study, synergistic effects of secondary compounds on the total diet amount of consumption and biological properties of Uresiphita gilvata, which is a polyphagous species, were investigated. The biological properties of this species against different secondary compounds will provide important clues in the fight against species. For this purpose, nine diets were prepared by adding tannic acid, gallic acid and p-Coumaric acid at different concentrations (1, 3, 5%) in the control diet. With the addition of these secondary compounds to the diet at 3% concentration, a total of fourteen diets were prepared, three diets in double combination, and one diet in triple combination. Compared to the control group, it was found that increasing amounts of tannic acid and p-Coumaric acid in the diet resulted in a decrease in total dietary consumption and pupal protein amounts of U. gilvata larvae. It was found that the total consumption amount and pupal weight increased with the increase of gallic acid concentration in diets. The development time was prolonged by adding all three secondary compounds to the diet at increasing concentrations. In this study, it was observed that the larvae were resistant at the related concentrations and combinations of the secondary compounds used in this study and reached the pupae stage.

Böcek mikrobiyal florasının en önemli üyelerini bakteriler oluşturmaktadır. Bu mikroorganizmalar böcekler için uygun gıda oluşturmak, besin sindirimine katkıda bulunmak, faydalı vitamin ve enzim sentezlemek, azot bağlamak, insektisitlere direnç sağlamak, feromon üretmek ve böcek patojenleri ile rekabet etmek amacıyla böceklerin yaşamına önemli katkılar sağlamaları yanında böcekleri öldüren, hastalandıran ve kontrol eden bakteriler de bulunmaktadır. Zararlılar ile mücadelede yeni, çevreye duyarlı ve daha etkili mücadele yöntemleri gerekmektedir. Öncelikle ülkemizde bulunan zararlı böcek türlerinin, endosimbiyont bakteri kompozisyonları belirlendikten sonra yapılacak deneyler için yeni bir mücadele stratejisini mümkün kılabilir. Buradan hareketle ülkemiz depolarında yaygın olarak bulunan sekonder zararlı, Küçük Kırma Biti Cryptolestes ferrugineus’ (L.) bünyesindeki endosimbiyont varlığının araştırılması amacıyla Adana, Konya, İzmir, Samsun ve İstanbul illerindeki hububat depolarından 10 adet C. ferrugineus popülasyonu toplanmıştır. Söz konusu böcek türünde ülkemizde ilk kez endosimbiyont mikroorganizmalardan Wolbachia, Rickettsia ve Spiroplasma varlıkları, sentetik primerler ve PCR metodu uygulanarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam 10 popülasyondan üçünde Wolbachia, altısında Rickettsia ve bir popülasyonda ise Spiroplasma belirlenmiştir. Türkiye genelinde 10 popülasyondan yedisinin (%70) bir endosimbiyontla bulaşık olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışma, C. ferrugineus’un endosimbiyontlar Wolbachia, Rickettsia ve Spiroplasma ile enfekteli olduğunu gösteren dünyadaki ilk çalışma özelliğini taşımaktadır.

Parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum L.) weighing 100 ± 0.09 g were dehydrated from moisture content of 82.24 ± 0.07% to 10.01 ± 0.02 % (wet basis) using the microwave (MD), convective (CD), solar oven (SOD), sun (SD) and natural (ND) drying. Drying in MD, CD, SOD, SD, and ND was completed at 18±1.15, 61±0.58, 255±10, 330±5.29, and 1530±11.55 min, respectively. The energy consumption of MD and CD was measured as 0.213±0.009 and 0.427±0.015 kWh, respectively. In microwave drying, 700 W microwave output power was applied while convective drying was used with 50°C temperature and 1m/s air velocity. The sun and solar oven drying processes were carried out under the same conditions at the same time. The average temperature of the system during the solar oven drying was 81.7±1.5°C whereas the airflow in the system was 0.5 m/s. The data obtained from the experiments were also modeled using twelve different thin-layer drying equations, and thus the theoretical data were obtained. According to these theoretical data, the best model in the microwave and natural drying was Alibas’s equation while the most suitable model in the solar and convective drying was modified Henderson and Pabis’s model. On the other hand, it was seen that the best model in the solar oven drying was the Page equation. As a result, considering both quality and drying parameters, it was determined that MD and SOD were the most suitable method for drying of parsley leaves.

Ethiopia’s agricultural production has been challenged by waterlogging, salinity, acidity, parasitic weed, and irrigation scheduling problems which has resulted in lower yields than the potential. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and medium scale irrigation schemes located in the lowlands of the country’s major river basins with predominantly salt affected soils. Soil acidity and associated low nutrient availability is one of the constraints to crop production on acid soils. Lime requirement for crops grown on acid soils is determined by the quality of liming material, status of soil fertility, crop species and varieties, crop management practices, and economic considerations. A considerable loss in growth and yield of many food and fodder crops is caused by root-parasitic flowering plants. Globally, Striga and Orobanche have a greater impact on human welfare than any other parasitic angiosperms because their hosts are subsistence crops in areas marginal for agriculture. In irrigated agriculture, efficient water management is an important element. Such practices can help bust sustainable production and maintain farm profitability in which there is limited water resource.

Peyzaj mimarlığı araştırmaları; planlama, tasarım, koruma, onarım, uygulama ve yönetim konularında yapılmaktadır. Yapılan bu araştırmaların her biri için bir yöntem tasarımının kurgulanması gerekmektedir. Çalışmada, peyzaj mimarlığında araştırma alanları olan; kentsel ekosistem, açık/ yeşil alanlar ve park alanları ile ilgili bilgiler sunulmuştur. Park alanlarına odaklanılarak, araştırma yöntemleri sunulmuştur. Çalışmada, peyzaj mimarlığında kantitatif yöntemlerle yürütülen araştırmalar park alanları özelinde değerlendirilmiştir. Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de peyzaj mimarlığı araştırmalarında, araştırma materyali olan park alanlarıyla ilgili araştırma yöntemleri ortaya konularak, bilgiler sunulmuştur.

Bugün kırmızı et tüketiminin yeterli düzeyde olması ülkelerin gelişme düzeylerinin göstergelerinden birisidir. Fakat Türkiye’de yeterli kırmızı et üretiminin olmaması, fiyatların yükselmesine ve kırmızı et tüketiminin düşmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu durum ithalatı zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Türkiye’de Kastamonu gibi birçok bölge, geniş meraları ve ormanlık alanları ile küçükbaş hayvancılığa fazlasıyla uygundur. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, Kastamonu İlinde kırsal kalkınmanın sağlanması için, küçükbaş hayvan üreticilerinin sorunlarını tespit ederek, bu sorunların kümelenme yolu ile çözülebilme durumunu araştırmaktır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için, İlde bulunan üreticiler ile görüşmeler yapılarak, sektörün sorunları ve bu sorunların çözümünde kümelenme olgusuna bakış açıları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.