Green tea obtained from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze having potential health benefits. It contains significant amounts of antioxidant and is considered as world healthiest drink. Polyphenols in tea are thought to exhibits anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Green tea catechins acts as immune modulators in immune dysfunction and also play a role in protection from degenerative diseases. Intake of green tea catechins suppress high fat diet induced obesity, prevent lipid and glucose metabolism disorders and reduce risk of coronary heart disease. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a potential antioxidant that shows protective effects against photo toxicity and photo carcinogenesis. In vitro animal experiments have suggested that polyphenols in green tea protect from lung cancer by their antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. This study chiefly highlights the convenience of green tea on health and propagates its further prospects.

Su kahve hazırlamada kahve çeşidinden sonra ikinci önemli bileşen olup kahve kalitesini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada filtre kahve hazırlamada kullanılan dört farklı sertliğe sahip suyun (şişelenmiş, arıtma, orta sert ve sert su) filtre kahvenin uçucu bileşenlerine ve lezzetine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. En fazla sayıda uçucu bileşen orta sertlikteki su kullanılarak hazırlanan filtre kahvede (12 furan, 7 pirazin, 3 pirol, 2 aldehit, 1 furanon,1 keton, 1 piridin ve 1 tiyofen grubundan olmak üzere toplam 28 uçucu bileşen) belirlenmiştir. Filtre kahve hazırlamada kullanılan suyun sertliğinin 2-metilfuran, 2-metilbutanal, 5-metil-3-hegzanon, 1-metil-1H-pirol, 2-vinil-5-metilfuran, 2-(metoksimetil) furan, dihidro-2-metil- 3(2H)-furanon, 2-etil-3-metil-pirazin, 3-etil-2,5-dimetil-pirazin, 2-furankarboksaldehit, benzaldehit, 2,2'-bifuran ve 2,2'-metilenbisfuran uçucu bileşenlerinin alan yüzdesini etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Koku karakterleri (kavrulmuş kahve (2,27), kavrulmuş fındık (2,35), badem (0,96), çiğ sebze (2,69), toprak (0,96)) sert suyla hazırlanan filtre kahvelerde düşük yoğunlukta algılanmıştır. Sert suyla hazırlanan filtre kahvede tat karakterlerinden acı (3,63) en fazla algılanırken, en az algılanan karakterler fındık (0,40), baharat (0,63), limon kabuğu (0,58), tatlı (1,04), ekşi (1,52) tat olmuştur. Orta sert suyla hazırlanan filtre kahvede ise fındık (1.63), baharat (1.96), limon kabuğu (3.21), tatlı (2.23) tat karakterleri yoğun algılanmıştır. Ekşilik yumuşak suyla hazırlanan örneklerde en yoğun algılanırken (3,55), orta sert suyla hazırlanan kahvelerde ekşiliğin yoğunluğu azalmış (2,55), en düşük ise sert suyla hazırlanan örneklerde (1,52) algılanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda su sertliğinin filtre kahvenin lezzetini etkilediği belirlenmiş olup, daha fazla uçucu bileşen içeren filtre kahve elde edilmesi için filtre kahve hazırlanmada orta sertlikte suyun kullanılması önerilmektedir.

This study targeted to elucidate the effect of seed aging on germination and emergence rates with and shoot characteristics in wheat cultivars. For this purpose, different bread wheat cultivars stored for 7 years and non-stored were compared for coleoptile length, root mass, shoot mass, root length as well as germination and seedling emergence rates. Here, the evidence suggested that seed storage over a prolonged period affected root and Shoot growth, coleoptile length, seed germination, and seedling emergence rates adversely. By linking germination and emergence rates, the data presented here indicated that a reduction in emergence rate in long-term storage was higher than that in the germination rate. It was also found that there were significant variations among the wheat cultivars about investigated traits during long-term storage. However, the emergence rates of Kate A1 and Flamura 85 were not affected substantially by long-term storage. The study suggested future studies to focus on clarification of the process controlling natural seed aging as such knowledge allows clue the eventual consequences of long-term storage.

Recent decades were characterized by genetic selection of broiler and layer chickens for enhanced growth rate and meat yield or intensified egg production, respectively. It is to be expected that genetic selection for various traits would also influence embryo development. The effects of different strains of chickens on egg weight, stage of blastoderm, variation of the blastoderm development and Pearson correlation between egg weight and stage of blastoderm at oviposition were studied in the current study. Hatching eggs were randomly collected from three layer chicken lines (Layer-1, Layer-2, and Layer-3) raised in Poultry Research Institute, and two broiler grandparent flocks (Female and Male) from Aviagen Anadolu. The age of all chicken lines was 36 week. A total of 30 eggs in each line were used, and egg weight and the blastoderm development of the embryos were determined at oviposition time. At the end of the research, significant difference in egg weights (P0.05). The mean stage of blastoderm development in male grandparent line eggs significantly lower than other four genetic lines (P

In this study, the effect of brown seaweed (Cystoseira barbata) and cattle manure combinations were investigated as a worm food on the properties of Eisenia fetida worm manure. Seaweed Cystoseira barbata were collected from the coast of Giresun, desalted and dried and then ground. Cattle manure was obtained from cattle breeding dairy and had covered and fermented. Food groups; 0% (control group); 5.45%; 10.90%; 21.81% and 43.63% of the algae were prepared and containing three replicates were given to the worms. The experiment was established in Giresun University Faculty of Science and Letters Biology laboratories according to randomized plot design. The vermicompost groups were analyzed in terms of plant nutrients and mineral levels. The obtained data showed that as the amount of algae increased in the formula and vermicompost groups, the metal levels of Zn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cr, Mn, Mg and Cu decreased and carbon, CaCO3, N, P and K increased. This means that brown seaweed Cystoseira barbata, which grows naturally on our coasts, can be used in the structure of vermicompost.

Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is naturally grown as a multi-stemmed shrub. This hazelnut produces lots of suckers. Suckers compete with the main branches for nutrients and water. Because the emergence of suckers negatively affects crop management in the hazelnut orchards are required to eliminate at least twice a year. Flaming is an alternative method to chemical and mechanical control methods. In this study, the effect of gas pressure, flaming time on fuel consumption and flaming efficiency in hazelnut sucker control were evaluated. The trials were carried out in an shrub ocak (in Turkish) type hazelnut orchard The results show that the torch flaming method is a useable method for hazelnut basal sucker cleaning. Gas pressure and flaming time had significant effects on fuel consumption and flaming efficiency. 150 s flaming duration and 3 bar pressure is sufficient for the flaming application. Durations above this time will increase fuel consumption and time loss.

‘Circular economy’ in agriculture centres on the production of agricultural commodities using a minimal amount of external inputs, closing nutrient loops and reducing negative discharges to the environment (in the form of wastes and emissions). This can be achieved through the (re)design of maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing, and recycling. Under the principles of CE, products and materials approaching their end-of-life stage can be regenerated or restored or replaced. Circular agriculture is aimed at closing the loop of materials and substances, and reducing both resource use and discharges into the environment. New measures like environmental taxes, insurance for liability resulting from environmental damage, cap and trade system and environmental labelling can be explored to promote transition of a current linear model to a circular one. The circular economy in Nepal is in infant stage and there is plenty of works to be done in this sector. The results of the paper will be instrumental for the transition of Nepalese agricultural sector to a more circular one.

Bu çalışmada, Kelkit Çayı (Tokat) epilitik diyatomelerin aylık değişimi, yerleşim yeri altı ve tarım alanları altından seçilen iki istasyondan Mart-Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında aylık periyotlarda alınan taş örneklerinde incelenmiştir. Çalışma süresince epilitik diyatomelere ait toplam 18 takson kaydedilmiştir. En fazla taksonla temsil edilen diyatome cinsleri Cymbella (3 takson) ve Nitzschia (3 takson) olurken, her iki istasyonda tüm aylarda kaydedilen diyatomeler arasındaki en yüksek nispi yoğunluklar ise Ulnaria ulna türüne ait olmuştur. İstasyonlardaki diyatomeler arasında Sorensen Benzerlik İndeksi ise %56,41 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca istasyonlardan alınan su örneklerinde sıcaklık ve çözünmüş oksijen ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Ölçülen bu değişkenlerin epilitondaki diyatome gelişimini olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Epilitik florada tespit edilen diyatome türlerin nispi yoğunlukları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre en düşük nispi yoğunluk 1. İstasyonda 4,76 olarak Mart ayında (Cymbella affinis ), 2. İstasyonda ise 2,83 olarak yine Mart ayında (Lindavia glomerata) kaydedilmiştir. En yüksek nispi yoğunluk değerleri dikkate alındığında ise 1. İstasyonda Navicula radiosa ve Ulnaria ulna türünde Aralık ayında (13,56), 2. İstasyonda ise Ulnaria ulna türünde Mart ayında (9,43) belirlenmiştir.

Bu araştırma, atık reçel karışımı ilavesinin yonca silajlarının fermantasyonu ve in vitro sindirilebilirlik üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Yonca, ekim ayında çiçeklenme başlangıcında hasat edilerek soldurulmuştur. Atık reçel karışımı önce bir süzgeç yardımıyla katı ve sıvı olarak iki kısıma ayrılmıştır. Kontrol grubuna, 20 ml saf su ilavesi yapılmıştır. Sıvı kısım; Reçel-I silajı (RI), 50 mg sıvı reçel+20 ml saf su /kg yonca; Reçel-II silajı (RII), 100 mg sıvı reçel+20 ml saf su /kg yonca olacak şekilde ilave edilmiştir. Katı kısım ise; Reçel Parçacık-I silajı (RPI), 30 mg reçel parçacıkları +30 ml saf su /kg yonca; Reçel Parçacık-II silajı (RPII), 60 mg reçel parçacıkları +60 ml saf su /kg yonca olacak şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Silajlar, kapalı bir depoda 60 gün süresince fermantasyona bırakılmıştır. Reçel ve reçel parçacıkları ilave edilmesi yonca silajının pH ve nötral deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (NDF) içeriklerini düşürmüştür. Araştırmada, en yüksek laktik asit (LA) içeriği RII grubunda kuru madde (KM) de 100,28 g/kg olarak belirlenirken en düşük ise kontrol grubunda 23.07 g/kg KM olarak belirlenmiştir. Yoncaya reçel ve reçel parçaçıkları ilavesi, kontrol grubuna göre enzimde çözünen organik madde (EÇOM) içeriğini önemli düzeyde arttırmıştır (P

Animal originated proteins have great importance in meeting the daily protein need in a healthy and balanced diet due to their high protein content, amino acid pattern and good digestibility. Also, when included in a diet, they play an important role in the protection of individuals’ health and improving the life quality with their vitamin and mineral content. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in meat and meat products consumption habits of people and whether they are concerned about reaching meat and meat products during the COVID-19 pandemic. For that purpose, a 24-question survey of 1000 people from several cities of Turkey was carried out. The majority of the participants stated that their consumption of red meat (77%), poultry meat (81%) and fish (66%) did not change due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while 10%, 8%, and 3% of the participants said their red meat, poultry meat and fish consumption increased, respectively. In addition, 13%, 11%, and 31% of the participants said there was a decrease in their red meat, poultry meat and fish consumption, respectively. The major reason for the decrease in red and white meat consumption was economic reasons, however, the reason for the decrease in consumption of fish was difficulties in reaching. During the COVID-19 pandemic, until the date that the survey was done, 12% of the participants had concerns about reaching meat and meat products. The main cause of their concern was being unemployed or losing their job after the COVID-19 pandemic.