The studies were carried out to determine some morphologic characteristics of different wild type sunflower (Helianthus spp.) genotypes at Uludağ University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Field Crops’ laboratory, green house and field conditions in 2017 and 2018. The 20 wild sunflower genotypes [H. annuus (1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 23, 25, 26, 28), H. argophyllus (34 and 35). H. maximiliani (45), H. petiolaris subsp. fallax (50), H. petiolaris subsp. petiolaris (54) and H. annuus ssp. lenticularis (61)] obtained from USDA-America were used in the study. The highest and lowest average the plant height, the head diameter, the number of branches, stem thickness, the length of petiole and 1000 kernel weight values of some of the morphologic characteristics observed and measured in field conditions during two years changed respectively between 235.0-252.5 cm and 64.0-63.0 cm, 7.1-6.5 cm and 1.9-1.9 cm, 30.8-29.8 number and 11.8-8.1 number, 2.9-3.3 cm and 0.8-0.7 cm, 11.8-11.1 cm and 3.1-0.4 cm, 14.8-14.6 g and 5.6-0.8 g in 2017 and 2018. The characters e.g. the ray and disk flower color, head angle and shape, uniformity of flowering and maturity, bract shape, pollen fertility, pubescence at general appearance, branching and type of branching did not show clear differences within genotypes in two years.

Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla Moq.), which is grown as a vegetable in Turkey and well adapted to the Marmara region, was used in our experiments. Provided by a producer, chard seedlings were grown in 6 L plastic bags in a non-heated plastic greenhouse. Starting from the 4-5 true-leaf stage to harvest, sodium chloride (NaCl)-added tap water at 5 different electricity conductivity (EC) values [(0. 4 (tap water, control), 8, 16, 24 and 32 dS/m)] was used as irrigation water. The results showed that the EC of the irrigation water affected some of the morphological and physiological properties of chard. An increase in the EC value of irrigation water led to a decrease in the number of leaves, leaf weight, leaf area, plant length, root length, chlorophyll content and increase in the injury level in the leaves and leaf thickness of Swiss chard. The changes observed upon the application of irrigation water with an EC of 16 dS/m were 50% greater than those observed in the control plants, whereas irrigation water with an EC of 32 dS/m results in severe discoloration and yellowing, but the plant was still alive. Therefore, chard growing can be suggested in agricultural areas with salinity problems.

The aim of this study is to determine and evaluate the shopping centers with children-friendly design according to the use of families and children in the city of Konya. Our research can only be done at the “Kent Plaza” and “Novada” shopping center, where the official permission can be obtained. Although official writings were written from the other 2 major shopping centers in Konya, unfortunately, the survey was not allowed. In the study, a face-to-face questionnaire was conducted on the basis of volunteerism. The results of the questionnaires were evaluated and interpreted using MS Excel program. As a result of the study, it was found that the shopping malls that were surveyed were adequate for families with children. It has been determined that shopping centers are not only shopping and sightseeing places, but also places where families can have fun when they bring their children, they can spend time together, they can meet their needs, children playgrounds, children’s clothing stores, baby-sitting rooms, children’s toilets, , places suitable for children with disabilities. According to the results of the survey, it has been concluded that “Novada” Shopping Center has family and child friendly design in terms of interior design and variety of usage.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the important spices in the world. Nepal is the fourth largest producers of ginger in the world, which produced 271.863 MT in 2016. In Nepal, seventy districts are producing ginger and around 400.000 households are involving in the ginger farming which is the chief source of the household income. Moreover, ginger has prioritized by several policies and strategies of the Government of Nepal. This paper examined the production trend and market access of Nepali ginger considering the ginger global market. A diagnostic study of production, value addition, and the marketing system was carried out between the eastern and the western part of Nepal. The secondary information was reviewed and analysed for the study. Likewise, the key informant survey was performed for the primary data and information. For Nepali ginger, India is found constantly top destination. The result of price index suggested that Nepali ginger is losing significant potential earning by not having top most lucrative markets for fresh ginger. Moreover, the trend of the export is ever fluctuating and the result showed that trade of ginger to India in term of export is more stable from the western region as compared to the eastern region. The study found that the major determinants of ginger market access are quality of ginger produced, value addition, level of trade facilitation, and domestic production and the import of India from other countries.

Çalışmada, ‘Tuzcu 31-31 turuncu’ ve ‘C-35 sitranjı’ turunçgil anaçlarının, in vitro’da geleneksel katı kültür ve geçici daldırma prensibine dayanan Plantform biyoreaktör sistemi ile karşılaştırmalı olarak mikroçoğaltım ve köklendirme denemeleri yürütülmüştür. Turunçgil anaçlarının katı kültür mikroçoğaltım denemeleri için, Murashige ve Skoog (MS) ve Woody Plant (WPM) besin ortamları ile bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerden 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0; 1,0; 2,0 mg L-1), Kinetin (KIN) (0; 0,5; 1,0 mg L-1) ve 2-Isopentenyl adenine (2IP) (0; 1,0; 2,0 mg L-1) farklı konsantrasyonları denenmiştir. Katı kültür köklenme denemeleri için; MS, ½ MS, WPM besin ortamları ile 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 mg L-1) ve Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 mg L-1) bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerinin farklı konsantrasyonları incelenmiştir. Her iki genotip içinde en iyi mikroçoğaltım sonuçları 2,0 mg L-1 BAP içeren MS besin ortamından ve en iyi köklenme sonuçları 0,5 mg L-1 NAA içeren ½ MS besin ortamından elde edilmiştir. Mikroçoğaltım ve köklenme için belirlenen en iyi besin ortamı içeriği ile Plantform biyoreaktör sisteminde çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, her iki genotipte de kardeşlenme ortamında, Plantform sistemi bitki kalitesi bakımından daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. Köklenme ortamında Plantform sistemi, katı kültür besin ortamına göre daha avantajlı bulunmuştur. SSR markırları ile yapılan tarama sonucunda da, Plantform sisteminde çoğaltılan ve köklendirilen bitkilerde, herhangi bir genetik açılımın olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Sardina pilchardus is a multiple spawning fish, i.e., the species that spawns periodically during the spawning period. In order to examine the reproduction biology of the species, the specimens were obtained in the known spawning period indicated by the current literature obtained from fishers who were commercially fishing in December 2018 and January-February 2019. After the fork length and total length together with their weight measurements, the specimens were dissected in the laboratory. The adult females’ gonads were then fixed in 4% formalin solution for fecundity. A total of 170 individuals was examined and the values of their fork length, total length and weight were computed as 9.7-13.4 cm (mean: 11.16±0.81), 10.5-15 cm (mean: 12.3±0.89), 8.06-23.7 g (mean: 12.7±2.93), respectively. 44 of the supplied specimens were male (25.9%), 122 female (71.8%) and 4 (2.3%) uncertain, thus, the female: male ratio was determined as 2.77:1. According to χ2 test results, a statistically significant difference was observed among individuals. For the specimens examined, the fork length-weight relationship was calculated as W = 0.0098FL2.96, while total length-weight relationship was W = 0.0071TL2.97. In order to calculate the fecundity, sub-samples were taken from the anterior, median and posterior parts of 15 ovaries in the ration of 2 - 5% of the ovary weight and the mature oocytes were counted. As a result, the species’ fecundity was found to be between 4,600-9,800 (6,110±1,755). The relationship between total length and fecundity was computed as W= 1,640.7 TL-13,907 and a linear relationship was determined.

Globally, 16.9% of milk used by humans is taken from different species other than a cow. These species are sheep, horse, yak, ass, goat, camel and buffalo. The global camel (Camelus dromedarius) population is about 34 million head with sharing of almost 0.4% of world’s non-cattle milk. Within the last 20 years, the curiosity of camel farming is amassed remarkably in different countries of the world including the Netherland, Italy and USA for camel milk production. The camel is considered as a goal animal of the 21st century because it produces high quality milk under extreme temperature, deficiency of pasture and dearth of water. The average milk production of camel fluctuates from 4 to 30 lt with lactation length ranges from 9 to18 months having peak yield in second to the third month of lactation. Camel’s milk is used globally because of its salty taste, high vitamin C concentration and its medicinal properties. Nevertheless, it gives many valuable benefits such as treatment of autism, control diabetes and allergy, prevention from liver cirrhosis and replacer of cow milk to avoid an infant’s allergic reaction. The camel milk is a natural treatment of diabetes as it has a substantial result in a decrease of mean blood glucose and conserves necessary insulin doses. Camel milk constitutes of protein (2.5-4.5%), fat (2.9-5.5%), solid not fat (8.9 -14.3%), ash (0.35-0.95%), lactose (2.9-5.8%) and water (86.3-88.5%) as mean specific gravity is 1.03. Due to its distinct properties, the consumption of camel milk is increasing day by day and a number of industries are working to promote camel milk production and processing. Therefore, the tenacity of this review article is to explicate the beneficial uses and production of camel milk over the globe.

Climate change increases the odds of worsening drought in many parts of the World. Climate projections for the Mediterranean basin in which Turkey is located expresses alarming conclusions about severe droughts. Droughts are expected to prevail in different severities and periods throughout Turkey. Iğdır plain, which lies in eastern part of Turkey is convenient for cultivation of many agricultural products because of its fertile soils and micro-climatic properties. In this study, drought analysis were carried out for Iğdır by using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). The data (precipitation and flow) were obtained in monthly intervals from Turkish institutions, namely General Directorate of Meteorology and General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Study was aimed to examine the integrated effect of low precipitations and high temperatures on hydrological and meteorological drought. Annual SPI results show that four severe and three moderate drought events whereas RDI detected four severe and four moderate drought events for the study period (47 years, 1971-2018). SPI index detected severe category droughts in the water years of 1980, 1989 and 1997. RDI detected severe category droughts in the mentioned years together with one more event in 2000. SDI identified 2002 as extreme drought year, and identified 1982, 1984, 1986 and 2002 as moderate drought years. The output of the study is aimed to serve for better understanding of droughts in the Igdir Plain.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the organizational structure, current state and problems of the dairy cattle breeding enterprises in the province of Uşak and to develop solutions to these problems according to the number of cattle they have. In the study, a questionnaire consisting of 95 questions was applied to 165 enterprises owners selected by multi-stage random sampling method and the obtained data were evaluated with the help of SPSS program package. Enterprises are grouped by animal assets; the enterprises having 1-9 heads cattle were classified as the first group, the enterprises having 10-20 heads cattle were classified as the second group and the enterprises having 21 heads and more cattle were classified as the third group. It was found that the daily milk yield varies significantly among the groups. It was determined that 16.80 kg/day in the 1st group, 19.50 kg/day in the 2nd group and 22.60 kg/day milk yield was obtained in the 3rd group. It was determined that many activities and parameters related cattle production in the 3rd group are highly good. However, it was determined that the main problems experienced particularly in small-scale enterprises are the supply of concentrate feed and coarse fodder, high cost of basic inputs such as feed and failure in marketing the produced products at a value price. It can be suggested that if the feed intake is supplied within the organization and the produced products are directly marketed, then these problems can be alleviated. It has been determined that dairy cattle businesses, which are mostly small scale family type enterprises in Uşak province, should be developed to large scale commercial enterprises where intensive production is carried out by providing various incentives and support.