The major antimicrobial proteins in donkey milk are lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and immunoglobulins. Lysozyme has an important role in the host defense by way it inhibits the pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study is to investigate the Lysozyme (LYZ) gene polymorphism in 82 donkeys reared in Thrace region of Turkey. 716 bp long partial 5’ UTR, exon 1, intron 1, exon 2 regions of LYZ gene were amplified and PCR products were analyzed via DNA sequencing. Three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as g.1782775A>G, g.1782924A>G and g.1782960T>C in the first intron of LYZ gene. The partial DNA sequence of LYZ gene in donkeys was reported in the present study and sequences of LYZ were entered to NCBI Genbank database with the accession number: MK984689-MK984692. This SNP may have an effect on immune system and milk traits in donkeys and additional studies are needed to confirm this assumption for donkey breeding.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of gibberillic acid (GA3) applications on drop and quality changes of fruits on-tree storage period. GA3 (before peel color break, on the peel color break and both periods) and 20 ppm GA3 (before peel color break and on the peel color break) were applied to the trees, and the untreated trees constituted the control group. Fruits were harvested in five periods at monthly intervals from april. In the last harvest period, the average fruit drop rate was significantly higher in the control group (38.48%) than in the color transformation 10 ppm GA3 (9.44%) and before color transformation 20 ppm GA3 (19.28%). The fruit drop was not observed in the first and second harvest periods. Especially in the first period on-tree storage, the shell C* and h° values of the fruits in control were found higher than the GA3 application. As a result, twice application of 10 ppm GA3 in 'Valencia Late' orange reduced pre-harvest fruit drop, delayed peel color transformation and limited fruit quality change. Accordingly, it has been revealed that it allows on-tree storability until the end of august.

Studies have shown that many of the synthetic additives which are added to food for different purposes have negative impacts on human health. For this reason, researchers have focused on natural additives that can replace with synthetic ones and positively affect health through their various functions. Biothiols have effects on color, taste and aroma in foods. In addition, they possess various functions in the prevention of cancer, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, lung and heart diseases by decreasing oxidative damage with their antioxidant and protective effects. In this review, the studies about thiol contents of food, their functions and the possibilities of using thiols in the food industry instead of synthetic additives have been brought together.

Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient analysis, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence between yield and its contributing traits were estimated using fifteen (15) different chilli genotypes in northern region of Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to screen out suitable parents for next hybridization program. The phenotypic coefficient of variations was found slightly higher than the genotypic coefficient of variations for all characters studied, indicating that the apparent variation is not only genetic but also influenced by the growing environment in the expression of the traits. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed in length of fruit (27.27% and 27.81%). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance in percent of mean in fruit yield per plant (71.23 and 39.38), number of fruits per plant (71.26 and 31.18), weight of individual fruit (88.52 and 43.80), length of fruit (96.13 and 70.59) and diameter of fruit (79.58 and 35.79) suggested that these characters would be considered for varietal selection. The correlation studies revealed that fruit yield per plant showed significant positive correlation with plant height (0.369), number of fruits per plant (0.587), weight of individual fruit (0.634) and length of fruit (0.450) which can be considered for selection of a good variety. Path analysis revealed weight of individual fruit (0.293), plant height (0.205), number of branches per plant (0.186), length of fruit (0.164), number of fruits per plant (0.132) and diameter of fruit (0.078) had direct positive effect on yield per plant, indicating these traits are the main contributors to fruit yield per plant. The divergence value for cluster analysis showed the highest inter-cluster distance between clusters II and IV which indicates that these genotypes may provide high heterosis in hybridization and expected to show wide variability in genetic architecture.

This study was carried out to investigate the floristic features (family, preference by grazers, growth form and response to grazing) and qualities of forage species collected from mountainous rangeland (Akdağ Mountain, Ladik) in the middle Black Sea region of Turkey. Forage samples were collected five times by 15-day intervals from the before-flowering stage to the after-flowering stage in 2015 and 2016. The total number of species was 105 species belonging to 73 genera and related to 26 families. Of the total species, 20 were from Poaceae (19.0%), 30 were from Poaceae (28.6%). Rests of the species belonged to other families (52.4%) dominated by families such as Asteraceae (13/55) and Lamiaceae (6/55), of which 26 species were weeds harmful to animals. While the percentages of decreaser, increaser and invader species were 16.2, 12.4 and 71.4, those of annual, biennial and perennial species were 31.9, 2.9 and 65.2, respectively. The number of species preferred by grazing was 74 (70.5%), while the number of non-preferable species was 31 (29.5%). The ME (MJ kg-1), RFQ and quality category of legumes, grass, and other botanical families were found as 8.88±0.07, 130.9±3.05 and very good, 8.00±0.07, 83.2±1.62 and good, and 8.98±0.07, 141.0±3.62 and premium, respectively. These results can be used as a management tool to improve rangeland quality and sustainability. The evidence from this study is that floristic pattern is not merely a result of invader forage species, but also might be a beneficial result that deserves further study for mountainous rangelands.

Plants are important antioxidant sources. In our study, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of endemic Helleborus vesicarius Aucher ex Boiss.were determined. The aerial parts of the plant samples were dried and extracted with ethanol (EtOH). TAS and TOS values of plant extract were determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of H. vesicarius was determined 5.548±0.23, the TOS value was 13.778±0.119 and the OSI value was 0.249±0.009. In this context, the plant has been shown to have significant antioxidant potential.

Şeker pancarı yetiştiriciliğinde Amaranthus retroflexus L. önemli yabancı otlardan biridir. Çalışmada, ekim öncesi chloridazon (C), çıkış öncesi ve sonrası metamitron (M) ile çıkış sonrası ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil (EPDL) etkili maddeli herbisitlerin ve bazı kombinasyonlarının uygulanması sonucu hayatta kalan A. retroflexus bitkilerinden toplanan tohumların çimlenme kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam çimlenme oranı (%), normal/anormal çimlenme oranı (%), ortalama çimlenme zamanı (gün) ve tohum ağırlığı (g) parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; chloridazon + ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil 2, chloridazon + metamitron (çıkış sonrası) ve metamitron (çıkış öncesi) + metamitron (çıkış sonrası) kombinasyonlarına maruz kalan A. retroflexus bitkilerinin uygulama yapılmamış bitkilerden toplanan tohumlara kıyasla çimlenme özellikleri önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Çimlenme özellikleri bakımından, en düşük toplam çimlenme oranı %85 ile metamitron (çıkış öncesi) + metamitron (çıkış sonrası) kombinasyonundan elde edilmiştir.

Dried apricot farms face many risks and uncertainties in Malatya, which is not only Turkey's but also the largest apricot production region in the world. Despite one of the major factors affecting farm efficiency, it was insufficient study on risk management in Malatya and even Turkey. The main purpose of the study was to measure the risk averse of dried apricot farms and to analyze of the factors affecting risk management strategies use of the dried apricot farms where an extensive production zone in Malatya. In the study, data collected from randomly selected 71 farms using questionnaires were used. The risk averse (attitude) coefficients of farmers were estimated by the “equally likely certainty equivalent” method. The factors affecting the risk management strategies choise were estimated using Multivariate Probit Model.

This study was conducted to identify the current problems of cereal crops like wheat and corn producers and to suggest solutions for overcoming those problems in Amik Plain (Antakya, Kirikhan, Kumlu, Reyhanli districts) in Hatay province of Turkey. In this study, the primary data was obtained by face-to-face survey from 100 cereal producers in Amik plain. All variables are given as frequency and percentage distribution, and numerical variables as mean. The survey assessed the level of education of grain producers, the number of individuals in the farm, record keeping, social security, crops (wheat and corn) growing area, yield, sowing and harvest date ranges, property and leasehold land use, cultural practices and grain production. The data were analysed using simple statistical analysis methods (frequency, averages, percentage distribution). The results indicated that about 50% of the cereal producers had higher educational degree. It was determined that producers had an average of 12.3 ha of wheat and 15 ha of corn cultivated area. Moreover, cereal production is well known as one of the cultural practices in the study area. The main problem of grain producers is that the low cereal prices. In addition, the Turkish Grain Board (TMO) does not purchase the production at the time of harvesting. Moreover, high production costs and corn irrigation are considered other problems that cereal producers are facing.

The present study was focused on the design and implementation of an experimental recognition system for dirty chicken eggshell by using an image analysis technique. Image analysis based observation and evaluation techniques can be used efficiently and effectively for agricultural product quality control. Dirt stains on eggs are the result of mainly by feces (black to light brown stains), uric acid (white stains), yolk, and blood. The experimental system was used to obtain dark level images of dirty stains of chicken eggs owing to feces. For this aim, the dirty chicken eggs which have dirty parts were put under a webcam, and dirtiness degree was evaluated by using developed image analysis software at the LabVIEW platform. For the experiment, 100 clean and 100 dirty eggs were used to accurate the determination of dark stains. The results of the research showed that the designed experimental system pointed an accuracy of 99.8% at painted grade eggs. On the other hand, the accuracy of the differentiation of the dirt stains by feces was 98.5%. The developed system can be upgraded for developing egg sorting machines by presence-absence of dirty stains in eggshell.