Phytopythium genusu önceleri Pythium cinsi altında yer alan, taksonomik çalışmaların devam etmesiyle birlikte Pythium genusundan ayrılan, günümüzde ise Pythium genusuna göre daha farklı özellikleri ortaya konmuş ve daha yeni anlaşılmaya başlamış toprak kaynaklı bir patojen grubudur. Phytopythium cinsi içinde yer alan toprak kaynaklı organizmalar Phytophthora ve Pythium türleri ile yakından ilişkili, benzer morfolojik yapı ve biyolojiye sahip organizmalardır. Phytopythium genusunda yaklaşık olarak 20 tür bulunmakta ve çoğu tür konukçu bitkilerde saprofitik olarak yaşamını devam ettirmektedir. Patojen olan türler ise konukçu bitkiler için oldukça tehlikeli ve potansiyel tehdit oluşturmaktadırlar. Bu türler içinde özellikle Phytopythium vexans dikkat çekmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde Pp. vexans’ın kültür bitkilerinin yanı sıra odunsu bitkilerde ve süs bitkilerinde de ciddi zararlar meydana getirdiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Phytopythium genusunun genel özelliklerini tanıtabilmek, Phytophthora ve Pythium genusundan farklılaşan ve benzeşen özelliklerini ortaya koyabilmek, özellikle bitkilerde patojenik tür olan ve Türkiyede de son yıllarda çeşitli bitkilerde patojen olduğu saptanan ve önemi vurgulanan Pp. vexans hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi vermektir. Bu derlemede Phytopythium genusu hakkında genel bilgilendirmenin yanı sıra Pp. vexans’ın morfolojik özellikleri, konukçu bitkilerde meydana getirdiği hastalık belirtileri, tanılanmasında kullanılan yöntemler, dünyada ve Türkiye’de yürütülen çalışmalar ve savaşımına yönelik stratejilere yer verilecektir. Böylece toprak kaynaklı olan bu patojen grubunun tarımsal üretimde meydana getirdiği potansiyel tehdit hakkında fikir sahibi olunacaktır.

Bu çalışma, Norduz kuzularının doğum ağırlığına cinsiyet, doğum tipi, ana yaşı, doğum yılı ve doğum ayının etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, kuzuların doğum ağırlığı ile ananın doğumdaki ağırlığı arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı da değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Hayvancılık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Müdürlüğü bünyesinde 2021-2023 yılları arasında yetiştirilen toplam 196 Norduz kuzusunun doğum ağırlıkları ile analarının doğumdaki ağırlıklarına ait kayıtlar kullanılmıştır. Kuzuların ortalama doğum ağırlığı 4,28±0,85 kg olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kuzuların doğum ağırlığına doğum tipinin ve doğum yılının etkisi istatistiki olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ancak, doğum ağırlığına cinsiyet, ana yaşı ve doğum ayının etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Norduz kuzularının doğum ağırlığı ile analarının doğumdaki ağırlığı arasında önemli düzeyde pozitif korelasyon tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, tek doğan kuzuların doğum ağırlığının ikiz doğanlara göre daha ağır olduğu ve 2021 yılında doğan kuzuların, 2022 ve 2023 yıllarında doğanlara göre daha yüksek doğum ağırlığına sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Food safety has become an increasingly important issue as people become more concerned about access to healthy food. Particularly in affluent societies such as the European Union, the increasing consumption of unhealthy fruits and vegetables and carcinogenic residues are constantly on the agenda. Reducing aflatoxin levels in dried foods to below health risk levels, eliminating them from food and ensuring access to healthy food are essential for food safety and human health. In this study, the impact of food safety practices in fruit and vegetable trade between the European Union and Türkiye was examined using mandarins, one of Türkiye’s main fresh fruit and vegetable exports, and the European Union Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) notifications for food and feed for the period between 2019 and 2022. The reasons for these notifications and the requests made in this context were examined and a TOWS analysis matrix was created based on the findings obtained. In conclusion, residue and aflatoxin inspections should be included in traceability activities in Türkiye. Producers need to be informed to ensure the effectiveness of inspections. It is crucial to provide adequate support to producers to improve storage conditions for perishable and dry products and to encourage the use of the latest production techniques. It is of great importance to raise awareness of these techniques among producers. Thus, the European Union can be an alternative market to the Russian Federation, which is Türkiye’s largest trading partner.

This study focused on evaluating the nutritional characteristics and in vitro true digestibility of apple pomace derived from three apple cultivars: Golden Delicious, Starking, and Granny Smith (Malus domestica Borkh). These apple cultivars were sourced from the local market in Nigde, Turkiye. Statistical analyses, including one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test, were employed to assess variations among the apple pomace samples. Results indicated that, except for in vitro true digestibility, there were no significant variations in the chemical composition and total phenolic matter contents among the apple pomaces (P>0.05). However, Granny Smith apple pomace exhibited distinct features, such as higher neutral detergent fiber content (29.80%), elevated crude protein levels (5.09%) and substantial acid detergent fiber (25.30%) values. In contrast, Starking apple pomace displayed superior air-dry matter (27.24%), while Golden Delicious showcased enhanced dry matter (95.3%) and ash content (2.00%). Regarding total phenolic matter contents, Granny Smith excelled with 112.4 mg GAE/100g, outperforming Starking (103 mg GAE/100g) and Golden Delicious (75.8 mg GAE/100g). Crucially, Starking demonstrated superior in vitro true digestibility, with values reaching 92.36% (as received) and 92.23% (dry matter). Granny Smith, in comparison to Golden Delicious and Starking, displayed significantly different neutral detergent fiber digestibility (P<0.05). Starking apple pomace exhibit the highest overall digestibility among the apple pomaces analysed in this study, hence recommended for use in ruminant nutrition. These findings have implications for the potential utilization of apple pomace in diverse applications, given the diverse nutritional profiles of these cultivars.

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), (Meloidogyne spp.), are the major biotic factor responsible for the limiting production of Kiwifruit in Nepal including Kiwifruit orchard of Warm Temperate Horticulture Center, Nepal. Hence, there is a pressing demand for nematicides that are both easily accessible and cost-effective while being environmentally friendly. A screenhouse experiment was conducted in the Summer of 2023 with an objective to evaluate the effects of different plant extracts, bio-control agents, and chemical nematicides against RKN on Kiwifruit seedlings. The experiment was set up in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications and eight treatments which include the extracts of Allium sativum and Lantana camara, Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Cartap hydrochloride, Fosthiazate, Inoculated control and Uninoculated control. The results revealed that Trichoderma viride proved to be the most effective in reducing the nematode population, displaying a low root gall index of 3.11, a minimal reproductive factor of 0.24, and a high percentage of nematode control at 91.71%. It was also found to be efficient in promoting the growth parameters of Kiwifruit seedlings. Additionally, regression analysis exhibited a significantly positive interaction between root gall index and reproductive factor, while indicating a negative interaction between reproductive factor and growth parameters. Therefore, T. viride (@ 20 gm per 2000 cm3 of soil) should be soil drenched before the seedlings are transplanted into the main field for effective and sustainable management of RKN. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the efficacy of T. viride in infested roots of Kiwifruit trees in field condition of Kiwifruit orchard.

Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a tropical plant that is rich in bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins which are useful as natural dyes and antioxidant compounds. The bioactive compounds of butterfly pea flowers are unstable due to environmental influences, especially temperature, oxygen, light and acidity. In order to improve the stability of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanin compounds in powder form, it is necessary to utilize encapsulation technology using coating materials. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of maltodextrin concentration and drying temperature on the physico-chemical characteristics and color measurements of encapsulated butterfly pea flower extract. The research method used was a factorial design prepared using a randomized block design consisting of 2 factors. Factor I (maltodextrin concentration) consisted of 3 levels, namely (10%, 20%, and 30%) while factor II (drying temperature) consisted of 3 levels (70ºC, 80ºC, and 90ºC), with 3 repetitions. The observation variables are: a) antioxidant activity, b) anthocyanin content, c) water content, d) dissolution time, e) color properties (L*, a*, and b*). Based on general research results, a maltodextrin concentration of 10% and a drying temperature of 70ºC showed the best results based on antioxidant activity rate and the highest anthocyanin content (51.47% and 47.36mg/g), as well as color measurements with the lowest L* value = 52, highest a* value = +2.6, and highest b* = -11.16. Except for powder solubility, a maltodextrin concentration of 30% and a drying temperature of 90ºC resulted in the fastest solubility time (16.67 seconds). For water content, all treatments were still in accordance with spice standards in Indonesia and standards issued by the USDA.