Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been cultivated as an important cereal crop for more than 9,000 years and more than half of the world’s population depend on rice as it is their primary source of energy. Almost 30% of the current world cereal production is represented by the rice alone. It is estimated that the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion by 2050 i.e. 34 percent higher than today and for ensuring an ample amount of food and nutrition to such large population, global consumption of cereals will need to increase from 2.6 to 2.9 billion tonnes by 2027. On the other hand, the impacts of climate change in agriculture are expected to be negative, threatening the global food security. Besides, agriculture and global food security will be severely affected due to the COVID-19 pandemics as its after-effects are yet to be ascertained. The world needs an introduction of a new “Green revolution” in agriculture to increase crop production for food security and biofuel, because conventional breeding method have not brought much of gains not keeping its pace with the world population growth. Hence, the current study was done to review the various ongoing approaches and possible ways of designing a rice with enhanced productivity and photosynthetic capacity. One of the ways to increase yields, photosynthetic capacity accompanied by an increased Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and Nutrient Use Efficiency could be to introduce C4 traits into rice. Besides, genetic engineering using CRISPR-Cas9, molecular breeding, developing ideotype, heterosis breeding, developing apomictic rice, nitrogen fixing rice, use of nanotechnology as well as precision farming are the probable future approaches for designing a rice with high productivity. However, there are challenges and limitations in developing such rice and further research in this matter could help us get closer to developing the future rice.

In this study, structural characteristics, mechanization applications, problems and solution suggestions of poultry houses of broiler chickens in Bolu central district were investigated. The surveys were conducted in a total of 200 broilers in 8 villages (Oğulduruk, Taps, Değirmenbeli, Çivril, Banaz, Yakuplar, Vakıfgeçitveren and Çaygökpınar) where the broiler production of the central district of Bolu was intensively produced. The field work for the surveys was conducted in February-April 2018. In the broiler houses surveyed in the central district of Bolu, it was determined that the capacity was generally in the range of 5.000 ≤ Capacity < 20.000 (74%), and nearly all of the houses (96.5%) were in the east-west direction. It was determined that the concrete materials are used in the foundations of all the houses examined, and %79 Sandwich panel on the walls and 86.5% of the poultry houses are used mechanical ventilated, in 70% of the poultry houses have 9 and more fans for ventilation, and in all of the poultry house are used luminaires for illumination.It was determined that 91.5% of the poultry houses had a tractor, 96% of the poultry houses had full automatic watering, and nipple drinker with lifting system was used and 87.5% of the poultry houses had honeycomb (Ped) application. It was determined that the number of animals placed in 1 m² was 16-18 (42.5%). It was determined that 15.5% of the problem, 13% of deficiency of information with the broiler houses, 20% of credit and debt problems. Then, there should be a solution to the problem of disease among the producer problems in the enterprises examined and the credit facilities should be improved. In addition, manufacturers need to be informed according to new technological developments in information deficiencies.

In this study, a total of 202 surface (0-20 cm) soils were collected from the lands of the producers who made contractual production with private companies in the villages where tobacco cultivation is intensively carried out in the Erbaa district of Tokat province. Basic soil properties, macro phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) and micro nutrient (Fe), zinc (Zn) copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) concentrations of soil samples were determined. Spatial distributions of clay content, pH, EC, calcium carbonate, macro and micro nutrient concentrations of tobacco growing lands were modeled using geostatistical methods and spatial distributions were mapped. The coordinates of the sampling locations were recorded using a precise GPS. Soils were mostly neutral and slightly alkaline. Neutral soil pH is desired for sustainable tobacco production. Plants may not be able to uptake some of nutrients in soils with moderate alkalinity. In this case, the use of acid character fertilizers is recommended. All of the macro nutrients are at sufficient levels in the tobacco growing lands. Copper and iron concentrations were at sufficient levels in all fields. Plant available manganese was sufficient in almost half of the sampled lands, while it was insufficient in the other half. Available zinc concentration was well below the sufficient level in most of the lands. In order to increase the production to the desired level, fertilizers should be applied based on the plant requirement and soil analysis results. The registration of the soil sampling locations provides an opportunity to create a very useful database for researchers, producers and suppliers who want to understand how the quality of the tobacco growing lands has changed over time.

Medicinal plants are important natural materials used in the treatment of many diseases. In this study, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of endemic Salvia absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet were determined. Plant samples were collected from Nigde and Erzincan (Turkey) provinces. Ethanol (EtOH) extracts of plant samples were extracted. TAS, TOS and OSI values were determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. As a result of the studies, it has been determined that the samples of the plant collected from Nigde have higher TAS, TOS and OSI values. As a result, it has been determined that S. absconditiflora can be used as a potential antioxidant source due to high TAS values.

Undoubtedly, supply demand balance must be ensured for the development of geographically indications products. In order to increase the demand for geographically indications products, firstly, consumers should be aware of the geographically indications products and have information about the benefits and advantages of these products. Undoubtedly, as with other agricultural products, price is also an important issue for purchases in geographical indications products. Therefore, it was aimed to determine the factors affecting consumers' willingness to pay for geographical indications products in the Tokat province. For this purpose, face to face survey was conducted with 382 consumers. It was determined that 49,21% of the consumers who participated in the research wanted to pay more price for a product with a geographical indications label. According to the results of the probit analysis, a positive relation was found between awering that Niksar walnut is a geographical indications product and the willingness to pay for geographical indications products. However, a negative correlation was found between monthly food expenditure and tendency to pay for geographical indications products.

Organic matter (OM) content of the soils should be improved for sustainable productions. Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) is an organic material used in several countries to improve soil OM contents. This study was conducted to determine potential use of MSWC as soil amendment. Field experiments were conducted for two years with single MSWC treatments. Experiments were conducted on 18 plots in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Six different MSWC doses (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 t ha-1) were applied to experimental plots. Compost doses were calculated in dry weight basis, applied to 21 m2 plots and sunflower was sown as the experimental plant of the study. Following the sunflower harvest, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from the experimental plots and soil samples were subjected to various analyses. Applied MSWC doses significantly increased soil OM contents, electrical conductivity (EC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC), aggregate stability (AS) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and reduced soil bulk density (BD). Effects of MSWC on soil pH were not found to be significant. Effects of MSWC treatments were more remarkable with increasing doses. MSWC treatments increased soil OM contents about 3 folds and increased CEC by about 25%. MSWC treatments significantly increased salt contents of the soils. Such increases were found to be significant at 1% level in the first year and 5% level in the second year. Increasing OM contents also increase soil aggregation, thus reduced bulk density and increased hydraulic conductivity. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between OM and AS. Present findings revealed that MSWC positively influenced physical and chemical characteristics of clay-loam soils of arid and arid climates, but salt contents should carefully be monitored in repetitive uses.

This research was carried out in Haymana Research Farm of Ankara University. Three different varieties of wheat were used in the study. These varieties were; Kırgız-95, Kırkpınar-79, and Svevo. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between soil electrical conductivity values and vegetation index. In the study, EM38, electrical conductivity sensor, and GreenSeeker, vegetation index sensor were used. The obtained values were evaluated statistically, and the relationships between the two parameters were determined. As a result of the research, the relationships between the electrical conductivity of the soil and plant growth index values were found to be negative (R2) as 0.7718 for Kyrgyz-95, 0.7675 for Kırkpınar-79 and 0.7807 for Svevo.

The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting mastitis cases and to estimate the correlations of somatic cell count (SCC) with milk yield in Holstein cows. The study was conducted in two private dairy farms in Hódmezõvásárhely, South-Hungary. A total of 882 Holstein cows were tested by SCC, fat and protein contents of milk monthly intervals. To test milk SCC and components, two groups were designed, and to examine effect of parity on first mastitis day (FMD) and total mastitis cases (TMC), four groups were divided. It was noted that higher SCC caused to higher TMC. While cows had higher protein content exposed to higher FMD and TMC, cows had lower daily milk yield (DMY) had higher values by mastitis case parameters. In parity evaluation, only primiparous cows had statistically lower TMC. The cows with lower SCC were found in advance in change of milk yield (CMY) up to 6.858±0.947 kg. A negative correlation coefficient was estimated between SCC and DMY. Finally, monitoring SCC of milk is offered to prevent milk production losses and new mastitis occurrences in the herds.

This study aimed to analyze the economic structure of dairy cattle farms, which were members of the Cattle Breeders’ Association in İzmir Province. For this purpose, Ödemiş, Tire, Bayındır and Kiraz districts of İzmir province were included in the study. The main material of the study consisted of data obtained from the farmers through the questionnaire. The data belongs to the 2017 production period. The number of farmers interviewed was determined as 67 by proportional sampling method. When the data were being analyzed, farms were evaluated in three groups depending on their size. According to farm groups, number of cows, respectively, was 5-14, 15-49 and over 50. In the farms surveyed, the average number of animals was 49 heads, the number of milked animals was 22 heads, the daily milk yield was 22 kg and the lactation yield was 7,123 kg. The total active capital of the farms was $373,449 and the share of animal capital in active capital was 22%. Total variable costs per farm were $44,599, fixed costs were $15,605 and production costs were $60,204. Variable costs constituted 74% of the production costs. The share of feed costs in variable costs was 78%. Gross production value was calculated as $67,211. The share of milk sales in gross production value was 61%. Average gross profit per farm is estimated as $22,612, net profit as $7,007 and proportional profit as 12%. It has been revealed that the net profit and proportional profit of small farms were negative. As a result, it can be said that the profitability level of medium and large-scale farms is high, whereas small scale farms meet with loses in the research region.