Asparagus officinalis is a spring vegetable contains flavonoids, amino acid derivatives, glycolic acid, tyrosine, vitamins, saponins and essential oils and it has health benefits such as prevention of cancer, mutation, inflammation, and liver damage. The aim of this study is to investigate drying kinetics of Asparagus officinalis. According to R, χ2, RMSE and Error values, the model parameters at different temperatures (70°C, 80°C, 90°C), spear thickness (1 mm, 2 mm and 3mm), and microwave power (100 W, 200 W, and 300W) were compared. Midilli and Kucuk equation was found as the best equation to describe drying of Asparagus officinalis. R values of Midilli and Kucuk Equation changed between 0.8886 and 0.9989 for hot air drying and between 0.9568 and 0.9999 for a microwave drying.

Five CMS lines were crossed with 49 genotypes as ‘testers’ to get 245 hybrids. The 245 hybrids were subjected to pollen and spikelet fertility analysis. Among the 245 hybrids 21 hybrids were expressed as restorers, 24 as maintainers, and 200 intermediate types. Six tester’s viz., BR6592-4-6-4, BR6839-41-5-1, IR74052-184-3-3, IR72593-B-3-2-2-2, BR7011-37-1-2, and IR72049-B-R-22-3-1-1 were identified as restorers for highest 2 lines out of the five CMS lines, differently. None of them were found to be restorer for all the five CMS lines. BAU581 was found to be maintainer for four lines except for D.ShanA. Purbachi was found to be maintainer for three lines except for D.ShanA and IR73328A out of the five CMS lines. Out of 245 crosses only 45 crosses contributed directly to the identification of maintainer and restorer. Other crosses were more or, less of intermediate types which indicated neither maintainer nor restorer. It is well known that, pollen fertility is controlled by one dominant gene (RfRf). If pollen fertility is governed by only one gene the product would be either restorer or, maintainer where will be no existence of intermediate types. So, there might be modifier genes in different genotypes which interacted with male sterile nuclear genes that resulted in intermediate male sterility in the crosses.

İşgücü kavramı, kişilerin veya tüzel kişiliklerin ekonomik faaliyetleri ile birlikte ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir malın veya hizmetin üretimi karşılıklı iş ilişkisine bağlı olarak yürütülmektedir. Özellikle sanayi devrimi sonucunda ortaya çıkan işçi sınıfı ile birlikte işçilerin ve işverenlerin hak ile yükümlülükleri konusunda hukuki kurallara ihtiyaç duyulmaya başlanmıştır. Temelde sanayi ağırlıklı olan bu hukuki düzenlemeler tarım sektörünü çoğunlukla kapsam dışı bırakmıştır. Tarım işletmelerinin aile işgücüne dayalı bir yapısı olduğu için, dışarıdan mal ve hizmet alımı konusunda iş sözleşmesi düzenlenmesi diğer sektörlere oranla daha azdır. Tarım sektöründe kurumsallaşmanın yaygın olmaması, tarım işçisi sınıfının olmaması, kendi hesabına çalışan aile işletmelerinin yoğun olması, gibi nedenler gelişmekte olan Türkiye gibi ülkelerde tarımsal iş hukukunun sadece iş hukukunun bir yan dalı olarak kalmasına yol açmıştır. Çalışmaya konu olan Kuzey Amerika ülkelerinde, özellikle Amerika ve Kanada’da, tarımsal iş hukuku yasal sistem içerisinde özel bir hukuk dalı olarak yer almaktadır. Amerika ve Kanada federal bir yönetim sistemi ile yönetilmekte olup, her eyaletin genel yasal çerçeve yanında özel düzenlemeleri de bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Kuzey Amerika ülkelerinden Amerika ve Kanada’da tarımsal iş hukuku konusunda gelişmelerle Türkiye’yi karşılaştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda Amerika ve Kanada’da tarımsal ücretler, mevsimlik ve göçmen işçiler, çocuk işçi ile sosyal güvence ve iş sağlığı konularındaki yasal düzenlemeler incelenmiş ve Türkiye’nin mevcut yasal mevzuatı ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir.

Tricholoma anatolicum H.H. Doğan & Intini is known as the most prized mushroom species in Feke region of Turkey. This mushroom species is collected from Cedar (Cedrus libani) forests and therefore is named as Cedar mushroom in this region. It is collected and consumed by local collectors and also exported to Far East countries such as Japan by exporting companies. Therefore, it is important to investigate the nutritional and medical importance of this species. The aim of this study is to reveal the antioxidant activity of methanol extract in different concentrations (1, 2 and 4 mg/mL) of T. anatolicum H.H. Doğan & Intini collected from Feke district of Adana province of Turkey in 2015. In this study, it was determined that total phenolic content of this mushroom was 56 mg/kg. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and reducing power (RP) activities given in trolox (µM) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) given in FeSO4 (µM) were found as 449, 180, 337 and 2 at the highest concentration (4 mg/mL), respectively. As a result, it could be suggested that methanol extract of T. anatolicum H.H. Doğan & Intini has significantly antioxidant activity.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the reasons for the waste of bread among consumers in Hatay province and what should be taken for the elimination of these causes. The subjects of this study were the data obtained from 406 consumers selected from the city center. The data were obtained through face to face interviews during the period of May-2017. In the questionnaire, there were questions towards determining the bread consumption habits, consumption preferences and bread waste levels along with the socio-demographic characteristics of the consumers. Cross tabulation and chi-square analysis were used in the evaluation and comparison of the data. It was determined that the amount of bread consumed per person was 278 g/day and 7% of the total family consumption of bread was wasted without any consumption. While the most consumed types of bread are traditional white bread and flatbread, bakeries and groceries are the most common places to buy bread. Consumers usually buy bread twice a day and the main considerations in the consumers’ preference for bread purchase are that the establishments comply with hygiene requirements and that quality materials are used in the bread making process. Staling and bad taste are among the significant issues in bread wastage. Taking future trends in the sector into consideration, producers should pay attention to product quality, production according to health conditions and longer shelf life on bread; depending on consumer awareness. The producers should diversify their production of bread and other bakery products.

Sahlep powder is obtained by drying and grinding after the plant tubers of the Orchidaceae family removed from the soil. Sahlep powder, which is unique to Turkey, is used in Maras ice cream, sahlep beverage and medicine production. There is a growing interest in healthy nutrition in the world. This increasing is increased the demand for functional food. Whey proteins are increasingly used in foods in recent years due to the functional compounds they contain. In this study, it was tried to increase the functional properties of sahlep using Whey proteins. For this purpose, different Sahlep powder was prepared by using Whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%), demineralized whey protein powder, milk powder, sahlep, sugar, starch, cinnamon and ginger. The different Sahlep produced were made into sahlep beverage with water and pH, viscosity and sensory analysis were made. As a result of the analyzes made, the use of Whey proteins statistically affected the viscosity value of the sahlep beverage. It was determined that the use of different whey proteins affected the color, taste and smell values of Sahlep. As a result of the sensory evaluation performed by the panelists, sahlep beverage produced in 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture was preferred. It is may be suggested to produce sahlep powder and sahlep beverage by using 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture.

This study was conducted with the objectives to determine the effects of licorice root powder (Glycyrrhriza glabra) on performance, serum parameters, egg yolk cholesterol and antioxidant capacity in laying Japanese quail. Two hundred and forty 10-wk-old Japanese quails were randomly assigned to four dietary groups, each one four times replicated with fifteen quails per dietary groups. Control group fed the basal diet; other groups were fed basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% licorice root powder. There were no significant differences in terms of final live weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) concentration between treatment groups. Egg production was higher in control group and 0.5% licorice root powder supplemented groups. 1.0% licorice root powder supplemented group had lower egg production rate. Licorice root powder supplementation decreased Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) concentration and increased glucose concentration significantly. Licorice root powder supplementation increased total antioxidant status (TAS) and reduced total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI). It was concluded from this study that supplementation of licorice root powder at the level of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% to the feed of laying quails had no adverse effects on performance. Licorice root powder supplementation can be used to reduce cholesterol level and increase antioxidant status in quails.

Household level vulnerability analyses are becoming main issue in economics literature. Yet very few empirical works have been done to examine the extent of Eastern Ethiopia urban (Dira Dawa, Harar and Jigjiga towns) households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. This paper tried to fill the gap by using a survey that was conducted to collect information on household’s characteristics, socioeconomic status, shocks experience and responses to shocks during the year 2016. Unlike conventional studies of household vulnerability, this study calculates household’s probability of experiencing a broad and non-monetary characterization of poverty: the multidimensional poverty index using Structural Equation and Tobit model. The Structural Equation Model result revealed that, the health and education dimensions of multidimensional poverty significantly contributed a lot to households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Based on the Tobit model result households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty would be reduced if the household is wealthier, better educated healthier, employed and has the practice of reducing the size of meals at the time of shock. Contrary to this, if the household has large family size, prone to health problem, and has not developed the culture of reducing the number of meals per day, there is high risk of vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Hence, the study recommended that there is a dire need for policies and programs that can improve wealth and education statuses of household members, create employment opportunity, promote family planning, improved health situation and accessibility of food for the vulnerable households.

The Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are microorganisms that live symbiotically with plant roots and have many benefits to soil and plants. In this study, some effects of AMF which are known to be soil and plant beneficial, have been evaluated and solution proposals have been put forward against heavy metal and salinity stress in the soil. Salt accumulation and high concentrations of heavy metal in the soil affects negatively the microbial diversity and activity. Removal of salt acumulation and heavy metal from contaminated soil by chemical and physical methods is both very expensive and ineffective. Therefore, AMF are important for alleviating the heavy metal and salt stress in plants. AMF can alter plant physiol¬ogy and root morphology, increase the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil through an extensive hyphal network, decrease the use of chemical fertilizer, interact with other soil microorganisms plant growth promoting, induce of some resistance parameters in the plants and produce the glomalin which develops the properties and structure of soil. AMF are eco-friendly solutions according to traditional methods and the use of suitable plant-fungi combinations increases the chances of success of these applications.

Length–weight, length–length relationships and condition factors were estimated for two fish species (Chondrostoma regium, Barbus lacerta) caught between October 2014 and September 2015 in the 14 distinct locations of Karasu River, East Anatolia, Turkey. Minimum and maximum total length and weight were observed at 7.5 to 31.0 cm and from 5.7 to 280 g for C. regium, 7.0 to 24.0 cm and from 4.0-211 g for B. lacerta. The b values determined as 2.77 for Chondrostoma regium; 3.10 for Barbus lacerta. The types of growth were found negative allometric for C. regium and isometric growth for B. lacerta. The length-length relations between total, fork, and standard lengths for the two fish species were highly significant. The relative condition factor values were found to 1.102±0.013 for C. regium; 1.176±0.019 for B. lacerta. This study submits for the first time LWR, LLR and condition factor of two species in the Karasu River.