Benghazi, like other cities in Libya, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The uncertainty of the types of municipal solid waste (MSW) it is the challenge that, hinders chosen the best method for solid waste management. This study deals composition analysis of the city’s MSW as, sustainable waste management options. To specify types of MSW the samples collection in wet seasons and dry seasons. Number of samples collected as 40 samples per season. And to get a representative sampling, in this case employed a range of sampling techniques including stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. The samples was collected, mixed and then weighed as, kilogram (Kg). The samples were characterized. as, paper, glass, metals, plastics, textiles, non-food, food and putrescibles, misc-combustibles, misc. non-combustibles, household hazardous waste. And then the samples weighed again to determine the proportion of each type. Finally, this study forwarded some important conclusion and recommendations towards improving the current situation.

This study was carried out in Rize province in 2016, on fresh leaf samples collected from an organic tea plantation. In this study, the aim was to determine the effect of pruning age (1st year, 3rd year and 5th year following the last pruning) and diurnal variability on antioxidant activity and dry matter rate in tea leaves depending on shoot periods. When the pruning age was considered, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from the plants which were in 5th pruning age in the 1st shoot period with 4991,1 μmol FeSO4/g dw. In terms of the same trait, the effect of pruning age on antioxidant activity during the 2nd shoot period was insignificant, while the highest antioxidant activity in the third shoot period was obtained from 1st pruning age with 7229.2 μmol FeSO4/g dw. As a general average, considering intraday collecting time, antioxidant activity in leaves collected in morning (07.00) and at noon (12.00) was very close to each other, while the collected leaves in the evening (17.00) had higher values. The dry matter rates obtained from the 1st, 3rd and 5th pruning ages were 23.45%, 25.23% and 25.45% respectively. When the shoot period was considered, the lowest dry matter rate was 20.17% in the first shoot period and the highest dry matter rate was 28.8% in the 2nd shoot period and high values were obtained from the leaves collected at noon.

Since the national farmers' day on May 12, 2017 in Kaya, Burkina Faso, the debate on agriculture has been to establish the agricultural entrepreneurship through the concept of agriculture as a family business (ACEF). And it is from this perspective that this study was conducted to analyse the financing possibilities open to family farming and to deduce the constraints of the transition from family farming to enterprise farming. To do this, we used the exegetical method to characterize the existing agricultural formations, to identify the means of financing and the constraints of the agricultural transition. The agricultural sector is strongly dominated by family farming with low physical and financial capital. The means of financing are self-financing and external financing. However, the transition will not be without problems because there are technical and political constraints to overcome.

Pheasant rearing is rated in three main categories: show and hobby, public interest, and stocking for game birds and edible purposes. The goal of this pheasant breeding station is to put stocking for game birds in their natural habitat, mainly in the Karadeniz region. Contribution to the issues related to incubation in this station and determination of effective reproduction age by setting production period. The aim of this study is to determine how significant performance criteria like egg production, fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality are, depending on age and on seasonal changes. Our research has been carried out at the Gelemen Pheasant Breeding Station in Samsun. The pheasant breeds that are used on the farm are made up of 114 male and 800 female pheasants (1♂:7♀), of Hungarian and Caucasian genotypes. During the egg-laying period, which lasts for 16 weeks from the end of March (at the age of 45 weeks) to the middle of July (at the age of 60 weeks), egg production was recorded daily and evaluated once a week, and incubation yield was recorded nine times in total. Differences between weeks of age, in terms of egg production, egg and chick weights, fertility rate, incubation yield and embryonic mortality, have been found to be statistically significant. However, hatchability has been found to be statistically insignificant.

Anatolia has a wide range of variety and species of grape due to its location is within the native lands of the grape. Turkey is one of the world’s major winegrowing centre because it has an important potential in terms of vineyards area and grape production. Today, people have turned to organic farming due to unbalanced population movements, depletion of natural resources, climate change, conscious consumption and food security. Organic agriculture is an agricultural system that aims to evaluate the future of human and ecosystem as an indivisible whole with healthy plant and animal production. Grape is in the first place in terms of trade among horticultural plants worldwide. In this context, grape is one of the most important of the 197 organic crops grown in our country. The large proportion of organic grapes produced in our country is dried and the organic dried grape is exported abroad. Therefore, the demands of the foreign market are great importance. With this research, the recent situation of organic viticulture in our country has been reviewed and suggestions have been made for improvements.

In this research, a preliminary study was carried out in January and February 2014 to determine the fecundity of the whiting species in Tirebolu, Eastern Black Sea. After the total length (cm) and weight (0.01 g) of the 70 fish specimens were measured in the laboratory, they were dissected for sex determination. Using the 20 ovaries at the third and fourth maturation stages, 3 sub-samples which is 2-5% of the total ovary weight (from the anterior, median and posterior parts of the ovary) were taken from each ovary to determine the fecundity, and hydrated oocytes were counted with gravimetric method. Total fecundity, total oocytes number in the ovary were computed with the formula F=(n×G)/g. The total length-weight values were 12.6-23.3 cm (mean 17.08±2.12) and 15.59-95.72 g (mean 41.07 ± 16.75), respectively, and total length-weight relationship was computed as W=0.0073L3.024 (R2=0.94) for the 70 fishes evaluated. Fecundity was computed as 3.247-30.534 (mean: 10.139±6.953) eggs and a linear relationship between fecundity and total length was calculated as F=0.0186L4.5631 (R2=0.70). In conclusion, the fecundity results of this prelaminar study were compared with similar studies on the whiting species from Black Sea and other seas.

Urban green spaces can be a comprehensive tool to ensure the sustainability of cities. The sustainability of green areas in planning, design, implementation, maintenance and operation processes contributes to the sustainable development of cities as well. There are many ways to ensure that green areas are sustainable from a social, economic and ecological point of view. These include the construction and use of compost under recycling and re-evaluation. The wastes generated as a result of periodic maintenance in urban green areas are disposed together with other wastes in solid waste storage area. However, the use of organic wastes in composting can ensure that green areas are sustainable by reducing both recycling and periodic maintenance costs of green areas. The aim of this study is to improve the idea of recycling and re-evaluation of organic wastes which are emerged in green areas by composting and using them in green areas. For this purpose, a model for composting and replacing fertilizer from organic wastes emerged in green areas of Konya was proposed. Thus, the costs of green areas with very high design, implementation and maintenance expenses will be reduced and they will be sustainable within themselves. The sustainability of urban green spaces will also contribute to Konya's urban sustainability.

Polifenol oksidaz enzimi, sebze ve meyvelerde bulunmasının yanı sıra bazı hayvansal organlarda ve mikroorganizmalarda da bulunmaktadır. Enzimatik esmerleşmeden sorumlu olan polifenol oksidaz enzimi meyve ve sebzelerde yaygın olarak bulunan fenolik bileşiklerin kahverengi pigmentleri üreten kinonlara oksidasyonunu katalizleyen bakır proteinlerinin bir grubudur. Meyve ve sebzelerin endüstriyel olarak hazırlanması sırasında polifenol oksidazın katalitik etkisi sonucu enzimatik esmerleşme meydana gelmektedir. Enzimatik esmerleşme fenolik yapıda bileşenler içeren ürünlerde görünüşü bozmakla kalmayıp istenmeyen renk, koku ve tat oluşumuna ve ürünlerin besleyici değerinde önemli ölçüde kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu durum ürünlerin tüketici tarafından kabul edilirliğini etkilemekte ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu derlemede farklı meyve ve sebzelerdeki polifenol oksidaz enziminin bazı karakteristikleri gözden geçirilmiş ve polifenol oksidazı inaktive etmek için kullanılan enzimatik esmerleşme karşıtı kimyasal ajanlar, ısıl uygulamalar, ışınlama uygulamaları ve yüksek basınç uygulaması, vurgulu elektrik alan uygulaması, süperkritik karbondioksit uygulaması ve ultrason uygulaması gibi alternatif yöntemler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Çalışma; kısa vejetasyon süresine sahip karabuğdayın Isparta koşullarında yazlık olarak farklı zamanlarda yapılan ekimi ile ilkbahar yağışlarından faydalanarak sulanmadan yetiştirilebilme olanaklarını araştırmak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada Aktaş karabuğday çeşidi kullanılarak, 1 Mart, 10 Mart, 20 Mart, 30 Mart, 9 Nisan ve 18 Nisan (kontrol) olmak üzere 6 Ekim zamanı tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında tarla çalışması olarak yürütülmüştür. 18 Nisan ekim zamanı kontrol olarak sulanmış, diğer ekim zamanlarında sulama yapılmamış, doğal yağışlara bağlı olarak yetiştirilmiştir. Denemede her iki yılda da 1 ve 10 Mart ekim zamanlarında çıkış olmuş, fakat çıkıştan sonra don zararı nedeniyle tüm bitkiler ölmüştür. Her iki yılda da (2015 ve 2016) bitki boyu, biyolojik verim ve tane verimine ekim zamanlarının etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemli olmuş ve en uzu bitki boyu sırasıyla 65,9 cm ve 60,0 cm, en yüksek biyolojik verim 427,3 kg/da ve 403,7 kg/da ve tane verimi 145,7 kg/da ve 132,8 kg/da ile 18 Nisan ekim tarihinde sulanan parsellerde belirlenmiştir. Her iki yılda da 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı ve protein oranına ekim zamanlarının etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olmuştur. Isparta ekolojik koşullarında karabuğday ekonomik olarak ancak sulanarak yetiştirilmesi sonucuna varılmıştır.

Yoghurt is the common fermented dairy product consumed worldwide and it is considered a potential source of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacilli and Lactococci). To assess the in-vitro probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus plantarum species isolated from yoghurt sold in different local markets of Chittagong region in Bangladesh were examined by morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. In the preliminary test, all isolates were grown well at acidic pH (pH 3-5) while the optimum growth temperature was 37°C and better growth was observed in the presence of 1-8% NaCl concentrations. In addition, the selected isolates were able to survive up to 3% bile salt concentrations while the best tolerance was at 1% bile salt. The strains successfully inhibited the growth of common pathogenic bacteria likely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Paratyphi, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis examined by in vitro growth inhibition test. Most of the isolated strains exhibited resistance pattern against ten commonly used antibiotics in foodborne illness in the country. However, the strains in yoghurt sold at Chittagong city have ideal probiotic characteristics and this fermented dairy product could be a potential source of human probiotic bacteria.