Sardina pilchardus is a multiple spawning fish, i.e., the species that spawns periodically during the spawning period. In order to examine the reproduction biology of the species, the specimens were obtained in the known spawning period indicated by the current literature obtained from fishers who were commercially fishing in December 2018 and January-February 2019. After the fork length and total length together with their weight measurements, the specimens were dissected in the laboratory. The adult females’ gonads were then fixed in 4% formalin solution for fecundity. A total of 170 individuals was examined and the values of their fork length, total length and weight were computed as 9.7-13.4 cm (mean: 11.16±0.81), 10.5-15 cm (mean: 12.3±0.89), 8.06-23.7 g (mean: 12.7±2.93), respectively. 44 of the supplied specimens were male (25.9%), 122 female (71.8%) and 4 (2.3%) uncertain, thus, the female: male ratio was determined as 2.77:1. According to χ2 test results, a statistically significant difference was observed among individuals. For the specimens examined, the fork length-weight relationship was calculated as W = 0.0098FL2.96, while total length-weight relationship was W = 0.0071TL2.97. In order to calculate the fecundity, sub-samples were taken from the anterior, median and posterior parts of 15 ovaries in the ration of 2 - 5% of the ovary weight and the mature oocytes were counted. As a result, the species’ fecundity was found to be between 4,600-9,800 (6,110±1,755). The relationship between total length and fecundity was computed as W= 1,640.7 TL-13,907 and a linear relationship was determined.

The level of pollution has reached the dimensions that threaten human health, with the rapid urbanization and the increase of energy consumption especially in developing countries. Every year in the world, millions of people lose their lives because of air pollution. Heavy metals have a separate precaution in pollutants, especially in terms of human health, because they can remain intact in nature for long periods of time, they tend to bioaccumulate and some are toxic or carcinogenic even at low concentrations. Therefore, monitoring of heavy metal pollution and determination of risky areas is very important. Biomonitors are the most commonly used methods for monitoring heavy metal pollution. However, determining which organelles are more suitable for monitoring the metal is essential in order to ensure that the monitoring is reliable. In this study, it was aimed to determine the variations of the concentration of Ba, Na, Al, B, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Mn elements depending on the traffic density in leaves, seeds and branches of Tilia tomentosa which are grown in areas with heavy, low dense and non traffic areas. As a result of the study, it was determined that the heavy metal concentrations in leaves and seeds except Fe were increased due to traffic density. This situation can cause serious problems for human health, especially since the leaves and seeds of linden individuals grown in traffic-intensive areas are consumed as tea.

Bu çalışma; ultrasonik banyo ve benmari yöntemleri ile ısıl işlem uygulanan kristalize katı ve sıvı polifloral çiçek ile pamuk ballarının yaklaşık 1 yıl oda ısısında depolama şartlarında rekristalizasyon-kristalizasyon oluşumunun belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Yerel arıcılardan temin edilen kristaize katı ve sıvı bal örneklerine 25°C ve 50°C sıcaklıkta 2 saat süre ile ultrasonik banyo ve benmari ısıl işlemleri uygulananmıştır. Herhangi bir işlem uygulanmayan bal örnekleri karşılaştırma amaçlı kontrol gurubu olarak kullanılmıştır. Ultrasonik ısı uygulaması yapılan ballarda ortalama kristallenme oranı %8,75 iken benmari yöntemiyle ısıl işlem uygulanan gruplardaki ballarda ortalama kristallenme oranı %31,25 olarak bulunmuştur. Kontrol grubunda ise ortalama kristallenme oranı %90 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak uygulanan ısıl işlemlerin kristallenmeye etkileri arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuş ve balların kristallenmemesi için 2 saat süreyle 50°C ultrasonik banyo yönteminin etkili bir uygulama olacağı belirlenmiştir.

Particularly in the fruit juice industry, the remaining peels and pulp parts are not available for human consumption after the juices are used. It is possible to evaluate these wastes by adding them to poultry feeds. A number of studies have been conducted by researchers on the nutritional value of many fruit wastes and on the performance of poultry. Natural antioxidant content has been reported to have a positive effect on growth, microbial and immunological parameters when high fruit peels are used as feed additive in poultry feeding.

Pothohar region of the Punjab, Pakistan is rain-fed with undulating topography. Soils of the area are predominantly loose with low water retention capacity and are vulnerable to erosion. Erratic and high intensity rainfall causes land erosion in the area producing gullies and gorges. Therefore, agriculture in the area faces twin menace of soil erosion and moisture stress. On-farm water control structures are among the important measures to control soil erosion and conserve moisture to enhance agriculture productivity. Present study was designed to evaluate the impact of these structures on soil moisture conservation and physio-chemical characteristics of soil in wheat growing fields. Wheat was sown in the fields, with and without structures during 2009 to 2013. It has been found that construction cost of such structures is about one-fourth that of conventionally used structures in the area whereas reduction in soil erosion has been observed up to 10% with 21% soil moisture conservation as compared to control. Soil fertility level improved significantly as a result of reduced run off and nutrient loss. A substantial improvement in wheat yield up to 15% due to increased fertility and moisture content was also recorded. These structures facilitated a safe disposal of surplus rain water which minimized the gully development, improved the soil structure, checked fertility loss and improved soil moisture retention.

Due to their widespread use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, medicinal and aromatic plants have gained importance with an increasing number of studies being conducted concerning the yield and quality characteristics of these plants. In breeding studies, selection is successful when there a correlation is established between the essential oil content, composition, and morphological and agronomic characteristics. The aim of this study was to address the correlation between the yield and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants to present a different perspective for breeding studies. Therefore, in this study, the relationship among the characteristics and the essential oil content of Izmir oregano (Origanum onites L.) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) plants were investigated, and correlation and path analyses were performed. There was a significant negative correlation between the essential oil content and fresh herb (-0.279*), dry herb (-0.281*), and dry stem yield (-0.283*) of Izmir oregano. However, no significant correlation was found between the essential oil content and these agronomic characteristics in lemon balm. Fresh herb yield had a significant positive correlation with dry herb (0.661**), dry leaf (0.690**), and dry stem yield (0.610**). Dry herb yield was significantly and positively correlated with dry leaf (0.510*) and dry stem (0.461*) yields. A significant positive correlation was also observed between dry leaf and dry stem (0.688**) yields. According to the results of the path analysis, while the maximum negative effect on the essential oil content of Izmir oregano was provided by dry herb (-48.05%) yield, the highest direct positive effect belonged to dry leaf (21.69%) and dry stem (15.13%) yields. Dry leaf yield (-51.61%) and plant height (-45.71%) were the parameters that had the highest direct negative effect on the essential oil content of lemon balm while fresh herb (33.50%) and dry herb (30.27%) yields were the source of the highest direct positive effect.

Phytogenic feed additives have replaced the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in the diet of poultry particularly broiler chickens. Researchers are moving towards the use of natural products such as herbs, spices, plants and plant products, which possess influential effects on growth performance parameters, immune response and treatment of various diseases. Aloe vera is a well-known medicinal plant and is being used for commercial and therapeutic purposes such as antimicrobials, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, wound healing, antioxidant and antiprotozoal agents. From a few last decades, the use of Aloe vera has been increased as a natural additive to broiler diet. Based on the review of literature, Aloe vera can improve immune response, growth performance in the broiler, as well as an excellent alternative of AGPs and anticoccidial drugs. It can be used for broiler diet in the form of gel, powder, ethanolic extract and aqueous extract. This review provides information about the use of Aloe vera in broiler production with reference to the effects on growth performance, immune system, intestinal microflora and coccidiosis in broiler chickens.

2018 yılında yapılan bu çalışmada, Lup metodu kullanılarak Rize ili Güneysu ilçesine bağlı Handüzü yaylasının bazı vejetasyon özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada toprağı kaplama ve botanik kompozisyon oranları ve mera durum sınıfı incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda 4 buğdaygil, 4 baklagil ve 33 diğer familyadan bitkiler tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma alanının toprağı kaplama oranı %82,40, buğdaygillerin botanik kompozisyondaki oranı %33,37, baklagillerin oranı %5,75 ve diğer familyaların oranı da %60,88 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Mera da en yaygın bulunan ilk üç tür sırasıyla; Nardus stricta L. (%27,00), Carex atrata L. subsp. aterrima (Hoppe) Hartm. (%11,10) ve Polygala alpestris Rchb. (%8,50) olmuştur. Mera kalite derecesi %2,456 değeri ile meranın durumu zayıf olarak belirlenmiştir. Başta kontrollü otlatma ve üstten tohumlama olmak üzere diğer ıslah yöntemlerinin birlikte uygulanması sonucuna varılmıştır.