The purpose of this study was to measure and analyse the economic efficiency, and to identify the main factor behind economic efficiency of sorghum and millet for small scale farmers in traditional rainfed sector in North Kordofan State. Primary data is collected using structured questionnaire for a sample of 205 farmers from four localities namely (Sheikan, Umrwaba, Elnuhoud, and Elkhowi). Stochastic frontier approach (cost function) was used to analyse economic efficiency and descriptive statistics were used to analyse socio-economic characteristics of farmers. The results of stochastic frontier cost function revealed that the estimated economic efficiency of the sorghum and millet farmers obtained was found the mean economic efficiency to be 39% and 15%, respectively. The economic efficiency is very weak, because most parameters and inefficiency effect factor found to be not significant, these determinants may give a clear picture of farmers that could be targeted in order to increase efficiency

The physical and chemical characteristics oven dried millet flour from dehulled millet soaked in different media was studied. Depigmented oven dried dehulled millet flour was produced by soaking dehulled millet in different solutions; water, 1% NaCl, 1% Na2CO3, and 1% citric acid. All samples were soaked in their respective solution for 12h, dried in the oven at 60oC for 6h then milled into flour and sieved through 710µm mesh size. The physical properties of oven dried dehulled millet; colour had L* (whiteness value), a* (redness values), and b* (yellowness values) that differed significantly ranging from 66.74 to 84.21, 0.85 to 1.43, and 6.89 to 12.69 respectively. The minimum, mean and maximum particle size distributions of samples ranged from 9.53 to 23.41µm, 29.09 to 50.15µm and 59.46 to 176.01 µm respectively. Starch granules in micrographs of oven dried depigmented millet flours were irregular, compact and polygonally shaped. Gelatinization properties of oven dried millet flour; the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), end set temperature (Te) and enthalpy varied significantly ranging from 70.15 to 97.65 o C, 79.48 to 102.31 o C, 83.30 to 104.96 o C, and 6.70 to 28.41 (J/g) respectively. Chemical properties comprising of moisture, fats, ash, protein, crude fiber, pH, total titratable acidity, pH of soak solution, phytates and tannins varied significantly ranging from 10.19 to 10.88%, 4.27 to 4.61%, 0.71 to 1.19%, 7.25 to 8.67%, 1.00 to 1.08%, 4.35 to 8.45, 0.001 to 0.084%, 3.32 to 9.93, 0.60 to 0.62, 1.84 to 6.45mg/g and 3.06 to 6.68 mg/g respectively. Depigmenting dehulled millet by soaking in 1% Na2CO3 impaired the colour of sample ODMF2 while depigmenting dehulled millet grains by soaking in 1% citric acid solution for 12 h improved colour of sample ODMF1.

In this research, the effects of dam age and type of birth and sex of lambs on birth weight of Akkaraman lambs was investigated at village conditions in Konya province. Additionally, the heritability and repeatability of birth weight was estimated. The Least-squares means of birth weight was 4.07±0.04 kg. The effects of dam age, year, birth type and sex on birth weight were found statistically significant. The heritability and repeatability of birth weight were found as 0.052±0.04 and 0.130±0.04, respectively.

Policy makers need to know the relationship among energy use, economic growth and environmental quality in order to formulate rigorous policy for economic growth and environmental sustainability. This study analyzes the nexus among energy consumption, affluence, financial development, trade openness, urbanization, population and CO2 emissions in Ethiopia using data from 1970–2014. The ARDL cointegration results show that cointegration exists among the variables. Energy consumption, population, trade openness and economic growth have positive impact on CO2 in the long-run while economic growth squared reduces CO2 emissions which confirms that the EKC hypothesis holds in Ethiopia. In the short-run urbanization and energy consumption intensify environmental degradation. Toda-Yamamoto granger causality results indicate the bi-directional causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions and urbanization. Financial development, population and urbanization cause economic growth while economic growth causes CO2 emissions. Causality runs from energy consumption to financial development, urbanization and population which in turn cause economic growth. From the result, CO2 emissions extenuation policy in Ethiopia should focus on environmentally friendly growth, enhancing consumption of cleaner energy, incorporating the impact of population, urbanization, trade and financial development.

Hatay iline bağlı kayısı alanlarında ve ev bahçelerinde 2014 yılı yaz aylarında arazi çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları sırasında sararma, solgunluk ve kök çürüklüğü gibi belirtiler gösteren kayısı bitkilerinden örnekler alınmıştır. Hastalıklı bitki dokuları yüzeyden dezenfekte edildikten sonra içinde tetrasiklin bulunan PDA ortamına ekilmiştir. Beş günlük inkübasyonun ardından, gelişen fungal koloniler mikroskobik ve makroskobik özelliklerine göre teşhis edilmiştir. Toplam 30 izolat Macrophomina phaseolina olarak teşhis edilmiştir. Tüm izolatlar tek mikrosklerot ya da hif ucu yöntemleri ile saflaştırılmış ve +6°C’de saklanmıştır. Her bir izolattan 10mm çapında diskler alınarak PDA ortamına transfer edilmiş ve 15, 20, 25 ve 30, 35 ve 40°C sıcaklıklarda gelişmeye bırakılmıştır. Optimum gelişme sıcaklığı 25 ve 30°C olarak tespit edilmiştir. Klorat fenotiplerini belirlemek amacıyla tüm izolatlar 120mM potasyum klorat içeren minimal ortamlarda geliştirilmiş ve sonuçta 30 izolatın 21’i sıkı, 6’sı parçalı ve 3’ü ise sınırlı gelişim göstermiştir. Lokasyon ile fenotip arasında herhangi bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır. Patojenisite testinde, tüm izolatlar kayısı, yerfıstığı, soya, mısır ve kavun bitkilerine inokule edilmiş ve 21 günlük inkübasyon süresinin ardından hastalık şiddeti 0-4 skalası kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Hastalık şiddeti en yüksek 3,87 ile kayısı bitkilerinde oluşurken, yerfıstığı, soya, mısır ve kavun fidelerinde orta düzeyde hastalık şiddetinin oluştuğu ve aralarında istatistiksel olarak bir farkın olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Moleküler çalışmalarda 14 farklı RAPD primeri kullanılmış olup, agaroz jel üzerinde oluşan 51 bandın 14’ü polimorfik olarak bulunmuştur. Filogenetik ağaç üzerinde 2 temel grup gözlenirken, bu iki grupta pek çok alt grubun oluştuğu gözlenmiştir. Oluşan gruplar ile lokasyonlar, sıcaklık tepkileri, klorat fenotipleri ve patojenisiteleri arasında herhangi bir ilişkinin bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Household level vulnerability analyses are becoming main issue in economics literature. Yet very few empirical works have been done to examine the extent of Eastern Ethiopia urban (Dira Dawa, Harar and Jigjiga towns) households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. This paper tried to fill the gap by using a survey that was conducted to collect information on household’s characteristics, socioeconomic status, shocks experience and responses to shocks during the year 2016. Unlike conventional studies of household vulnerability, this study calculates household’s probability of experiencing a broad and non-monetary characterization of poverty: the multidimensional poverty index using Structural Equation and Tobit model. The Structural Equation Model result revealed that, the health and education dimensions of multidimensional poverty significantly contributed a lot to households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Based on the Tobit model result households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty would be reduced if the household is wealthier, better educated healthier, employed and has the practice of reducing the size of meals at the time of shock. Contrary to this, if the household has large family size, prone to health problem, and has not developed the culture of reducing the number of meals per day, there is high risk of vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Hence, the study recommended that there is a dire need for policies and programs that can improve wealth and education statuses of household members, create employment opportunity, promote family planning, improved health situation and accessibility of food for the vulnerable households.

Bu çalışmada, Mersin körfezinde avlanan mavi yengecin (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896) mikrobiyolojik kalite bakımdan incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Örnekler, Mersin Merkez (1. İstasyon), Erdemli (2. İstasyon) ve Silifke (3. İstasyon) ilçelerinde avlanan balıkçılardan temin edilmiş ve Mersin Gıda Kontrol Laboratuvar Müdürlüğü’nde analize alınmıştır. Çalışmada 180 adet örnek kullanılmış olup, analizler Ocak - Aralık 2014 tarihleri arasında aylık periyotlar şeklinde yapılmıştır. Araştırmada Salmonella spp., Koagulaz pozitif Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio choleraee, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, ve koliform grubu bakteriler araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar göre; Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ve Vibrio cholerae her üç istasyonda da yıl boyunca tespit edilmemiştir. Koagulaz pozitif Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli ve koliform grubu bakteriler ise üç çalışma istasyonunda tespit edilmiş ve sıcaklığa bağlı olarak artış gösterdikleri saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak; çevresel kökenli faktörlerin taze yakalanmış yengeçlerin bakteriyel florası üzerinde etkisinin olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Tokat is one of the developing provinces in terms of urbanism. Therefore, the land use changes city-wide which closely affects soil erosion. Numerical estimation of soil erosion is very important to prevent soil losses. In this study, USLE and WEPP Hillslope model were used to estimate the long-term soil losses in a slope area which used to be a pasture land and then turned into a fruit orchard in Büyükbeybağı area of Tokat province. Erosion sensitivity of the soil in the slope area was detected to be very low. Erosivity value of the area is low, soil is resistant to erosion due to pasture land use type and fruit orchard use type does not require intense soil cultivation practices. For all these reasons, both estimation technologies estimated soil losses of the land to be low.

Renewable energy interest is increasing day by day due to the progressive decline of fossil fuels and negative effects on the environment. As is known, generating energy using solar energy is the most popular of renewable energy source applications. One of the reasons for this is that the sun, which is the source of all the energy in the world, will give energy for a very long time. Another important reason is the rapid developments in semiconductor electronics technology. Direct solar water heating with solar collector, power generation without photovoltaic panels, and even power generation with concentrated parabolic systems. In this research, electricity is generated by solar panels used in a traditional plateau house, photovoltaic solar batteries from solar energy and electricity stored in battery benches and electricity stored in the battery is converted to mains electricity through an inverter if necessary. Saving electric elements at home are selected, and the minimum power required for basic needs is provided. In addition, the economics of the designed system was investigated and efficiency analysis was carried out considering the energy efficiency at the optimum level.

Competition is fierce in the world markets of agricultural products. It is especially harder for developing countries to compete with the wealthier industrialized countries. Canada entered in the lentil production mainly for export purposes in the early 1990s and exports nearly all of its lentil products every year. As Canada has become the dominant power in lentil trade, Turkey’s lentil production has declined notably. In the study, Turkey’s adaptation to this trend is investigated. Based on the results, it is concluded that Turkey’s market share has not changed in its traditional markets and its export has risen both in quantity and value. For instance, Turkey’s lentil export has increased from 127 Thousand tons in 1997 to 178 Thousand in 2013. This is achieved through partnerships between Canadian and Turkish entrepreneurs. Furthermore, lentil producers in Turkey have shifted to alternative crops, which yields higher income.