In recent years the number of phytoplasma diseases that negatively affect yield and quality of many plants has been increasing around the world. As is known grafting, plant propagation materials (seed, bulb, tuber), parasitic plants and insect vectors play active role in the spread of phytoplasmas causing these diseases. These organasim which get through plate in the sieve tube element and systemically colonize the plant, it invade and multiply salivary glands, midgut, heomocel, brain and fat tissue after sucking up insect body with stylet. Subsequently they continue the cycle by moving to a new plant with a diseased insect feeding on a healthy plant. Although the existence of functional genomics in this cycle is known, there is little information about transmission of phytoplasma from vector to host plant or from host plant to vector, the mechanism of disease caused by phytoplasma in the plant and genomics involved in different reactions in the host plant against phytoplasmal infection.

In this study, we aimed to determine the therapeutic value of local Yığılca honeys by examining their physicochemical characteristics, phenolic content, radical scavenging activity, and antimicrobial properties by underlining some overlooked parameters. Honey samples ware divided into two main groups as CH and FH based on melissopalynologycal analysis. Antimicrobial activity of collected honey samples were investigated on important hospital-acquired infections bacteria strains; MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), MSSA (Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus), Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Although CH’s antimicrobial activities were found slightly higher than the FH’s, there isn’t statistically significant differences between two type honeys. However, the antioxidant activity of CH was found significantly higher than FH. Surprisingly, a higher amount of isomaltose was determined in addition to the total phenolic content in CH compared to FH. There has been found positive correlation between isomaltose amount and zone diameters for MRSA and A. baumannii. We would like to draw attention to isomaltose for its health benefit structure since these parameters may be influence honey’s therapeutic value. We recommend that isomaltose and invertase enzyme should be included in to the honey codex standards suitably depending on the monofloral and multifloral honey’s specific structure, to sensitively standardize and control their quality and therapeutic value. Our data revealed a positive correlation between antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and total phenolic content and higher isomaltose amount.

We, here, aimed to determine the presence of Anguillicola crassus, a swim bladder parasite, in 89 (male: 45, female: 44) dead European eel specimens obtained seasonally between 2020-2021 from a regional fisherman, who has fished with fyke net in the locality Tuzla of Izmir Bay, Eastern Aegean Sea. Out of 21 male European eels caught in winter, only one specimen (TL: 48.5 cm and TW: 247.12 g) had 23 swim bladder parasites (adult nematodes: 15, larvae: 8) and similarly, only one parasite was found in one specimen (TL: 37.5 cm and TW: 88.47 g) of 8 eels caught in spring. No parasite was found in the female eels. At the examinations, it was determined that all adult Anguillicola crassus specimens were females and the minimum-maximum and average length values in adult and larval parasites were, respectively, 1.5-2.5 cm (1.99 ± 0.31) and 0.7-1.3 cm (1.025 ± 2.40). Consequently, the species A. crassus, a swim bladder parasite, was found in European eels from the locality Çamalti Tuzla in two seasons (winter and spring) and this parasitic nematode were only in male eels. This study is a first and remarkable one having evidential value, which shows the presence of the species A. crassus among the eel population in the locality Çamalti Tuzla of Izmir Bay. Besides, it is a population that should be monitored due to the status of Anguilla anguilla on the IUCN red list.

Organic agricultural products are food products that are inspected and certified at all stages of production until they are offered for consumption by institutions that are authorized by the state. Beekeeping products made for human food are also subject to the same certification process. With this research, it was aimed to reveal the organic beekeeping and organic honey understanding of the people of Iğdır region. With the survey, the information of the local consumers about organic honey, how they got this information, their status and reasons for organic honey consumption, as well as the certification processes were collected. The obtained data were analyzed with numerical, proportional, and decision tree methods. The genders of the survey participants were 66% male, 34% female. It was also determined that 70.5% of the participants were under the age of 40, had a bachelor's degree or higher education level in the proportion of 43%, and 63% had a minimum wage or lower-income level. For the questions asked about the research topic, it was reported that participants know and eat organic honey in the proportion of 93%, buy organic honey in the proportion of 77.5%, having information about the organic honey certificate in the proportion of 67% and certification stages in the proportion of 43%. Despite these high rates, the same participants gave contradictory answers to some other questions, such as; for the question of “What is organic honey?” the answer of "Certified honey" in the proportion of only 11.5% and for the question of “How did you know that the organic honey you bought was organic honey?” the answer of " I saw its certificate” in the proportion of only 18.1%. This contradiction was noted. With this research, it was determined that the local people did not have enough information about organic beekeeping and honey understanding. In order to fill this gap, it can be suggested that healthy nutrition lessons be included in the education curricula starting from primary school, and usage of TV, radio, and internet broadcasting for this purpose. The fact that the participants' education level is high and their age is young may provide an advantage in order to get results from the training to be given on the subject.

Labneh is one of the most consumed dairy products in the Lebanese community, on breakfast, as a snack or on dinner, plane or mixed with herbs. Its various health benefits plus its acceptability among people makes it an important part of the Lebanese diet. In both its synthetic and homemade forms, several additives are usually incorporated to enhance its flavor and offer a variety of tastes. The problem with Labneh is its short shelf life, as well as its sensitive sensory profile. That is why most industries mix chemical additives with Labneh to prolong its shelf life and conserve its taste. The aim of this research is to preserve Labneh naturally by adding Moringa Oleifera dried leaves to extend its shelf life and inhibit rapid spoilage. Working on a natural preservation of Labneh instead of chemical preservation will be assessed by the survey’s results and prepare for studying the overall acceptability of the product by making a sensory analysis. The results of the questionnaire showed that the Lebanese community which is not totally aware of Moringa Oleifera benefits and availability, is willing to try fortified Labneh with Moringa as a new product with extended shelf life and more health benefits. The results of the sensory analysis showed that the sensory attributes of the samples with Moringa after 21 days of storage, where not significantly different than normal plane Labneh, which indicate that adding Moringa did not affect the sensory attributes of Labneh giving it more acceptability to consumers.

Poultry meat quality is controlled by muscle fiber properties associated with body weight gain in the immediate pre- or post-hatch period. This study aimed to determine the effect of administration of branched-chain amino acids blend (BCAAb, 3 L-leucine:1 L-isoleucine:2 L-valine) in the pre- or post-hatch period on the growth performance and fiber characteristics of the Pectoralis major (PM) muscle in turkey poults subjected to early or delayed feeding. Newly hatched poults from eggs injected in ovo with BCAAb or received no injection were used in a 21-d study. Poults (n=192) produced without injection of BCAAb received a starter diet supplemented (BCAA) or not (C) with the BCAAb (2 g/kg) immediately or with a delay of 48 h (48BCAA and 48C) after hatching. Poults (n=36) produced with (IOBCAA) in ovo injection of BCAAb (2 mg /ml) received the diet and water immediately. The BCAA and IOBCAA poults had higher body weight than those of the C, 48C, and 48BCAA birds. The body weight of the C poults was higher than those of the 48C and 48BCAA birds. The BCAA poults had higher PM muscle weight than those of the C and 48C poults, while that of the IOBCAA poults was higher than that of the 48C poults. The IOBCAA treatment increased the protein content of the PM muscle meat, compared with the C and 48C treatments. The 48C treatment increased the type IIB fiber area and the type I and type IIA fiber percentages but decreased the type IIB fiber, compared with other treatments. The numbers of type IIB and total fibers in the IOBCAA poults were higher than those of the 48C birds. In conclusion, administering BCAAb in ovo or in a starter diet enhanced early growth performance and improved the fiber characteristics of the PM muscle in turkey poults.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most significant vegetable crops for humans along with corn, wheat, and rice. In this study, quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out for 21 promising potato clones and three commercial cultivars. LC–MS/MS was used for the chemical analyses. The TOGU 3/518 clone had the highest level of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as 138.51 ± 7.35 µg/kg. TOGU 12/29 and TOGU 2/198 clones, on the other hand, had 126.24 ± 2.29 and 125.29 ± 2.74 µg/kg of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. Salicylic acid which is a pharmaceutically significant compound was found in TOGU 3/518 clone (125.66 ± 11.51 µg/kg) as a major product. This compound was also found in TOGU 2/198 (111.27 ±1.31 µg/kg) and TOGU 12/29 clones (111.07 ± 3.68 µg/kg) as the third and fourth most abundant. In terms of caffeic acid, TOGU 3/110 clone contained the highest level (42.50 ± 3.73 µg/kg). While TOGU 7/146 clone included the most protocatechuic acid (53.98 ± 1.47 µg/kg), TOGU 3/480 clone consisted of most gentisic acid (30.79 ± 0.51 µg/kg). Quercetin, an important flavonoid found many aromatic and medicinal plants, was highest in TOGU 12/29 clone (6.27 ± 0.15 µg/kg).

The aquaculture industry in the Middle East (ME) is still relatively new compared to other parts of the world, making this region highly dependent on other countries for the production of food and feed needs. Aquaculture activities in the world at current is mainly focused in China; this may be propelled by its own internal demand for seafood as determined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Challenges faced in the ME has not been elucidated so far and the issues arising might be unique only to this region due to aquaculture being in the initial stages coupled with water access and limitations, climate and geography, in addition to pollution. This review paper will present and discuss global needs for seafood focusing later on the needs in the ME, followed by a discourse into the importance, types and challenges of aquaculture in the ME. Baseline knowledge and infrastructure to enhance knowledge is a pressing need at this stage of infancy. It is hope this sector will continue to develop, and with the support of stakeholders, aquaculture in the ME will achieve a state of independence.

According to the trend of a healthy eating awareness trend, having a potential benefit on human health, some polyphenols like flavonoids, resveratrol, hydroxy-stilbenes, and phenolic acids are in the spotlight. Grapes, and one of the most widespread grape product wine; are among the best sources of these polyphenols. In this study, a highly specific, susceptible, and easy chromatographic method was brought out and validated to determine 18 polyphenols in grape and red wines. For this aim, an HPLC-PDA was used, and the separation was accomplished on an RP-ODS4 column. The method comprised of a mobile gradient phase consisting of A solution (acetic acid in water, pH 2.00) and a mixture of the solution A – acetonitrile (20:80, v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and PDA detection was carried out at 260,280, 320, and 360 nm. According to the results, it can be said that the program indicated good linearity over the range of 1-40 mg L−1 of phenolics with r2>0.99. The recovery of the 18 phenolics ranges from 83.17% to 119.88% at red wines and 88.20% to 117.83% at grape juices. The method is well precise, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the average concentration of the phenolic compounds are ranges from 1.22% to 2.02% at red wines and 1.01% to 2.56% at grape juices.

Disasters adversely affect human life. Many people face sheltering problems after disasters. Temporary shelter areas are very important in terms of meeting people's post-disaster sheltering needs. In this study, it was aimed to determine temporary shelter areas in the city center of Burdur. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was used to determine temporary shelter areas. According to certain criteria and spatial standards, six temporary shelter areas were determined in the city center of Burdur, and their adequacy was tested. Temporary shelters are located in urban open and green lands. Temporary shelter areas determined under today's conditions are adequate. However, it is predicted that temporary shelter areas will be inadequate in the upcoming process. Some recommendations were made about the problems and the path to be followed in the upcoming process. These recommendations will be useful for the post-disaster process.